Anatomy & Physiology Lab Exam Study Guide: Figures, Models, Microscope Slides, and Tissues

Figures

Overview of Required Figures

Students should be familiar with labeled items on specific figures from the Marieb textbook, as these will be referenced in lab exams. Figures may include anatomical diagrams, tissue structures, and bone landmarks.

• Figure 1.8

• Figure 1.10

• Figure 1.11

• Figure 13.2a

• Figure 5.1

• Figure 6.9

• Figure 7.38

Note: The exam may use these exact figures or similar ones from lab materials.

Models

Skeletal System Models

Lab exams will include questions on disarticulated (individual) bone models. Students should be able to identify bones and bony landmarks. Reference materials such as MasteringA&P and textbook images are recommended for study.

• Bones: Recognize individual bones and their anatomical features.

• Bony Landmarks: Identify specific points or regions on bones used for anatomical orientation.

Example: The olecranon process is a bony landmark on the ulna.

Microscope Slides

Cell Division and Mitosis

Students must be able to identify stages of mitosis on microscope slides. The main stages include:

• Interphase

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Reference: Textbook Focus Figure 3.4.

Example: In metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.

Tissues

General Tissue Identification

Lab exams will require identification of tissue types and their characteristics using microscope slides. Students should know the names and features of each tissue.

Epithelial Tissues

For all epithelial tissues, students should be able to distinguish:

• Cytoplasm and nucleus

• Apical end and basal end

• Goblet cells (specialized for mucus secretion)

Example: Simple columnar epithelium often contains goblet cells and lines the digestive tract.

Connective Tissues

Students should be able to identify connective tissue types and the presence of extracellular proteins:

• Collagen fibers

• Elastic fibers

Types of Connective Tissues

Connective Tissue Type	Key Features	Reference Figure
Hyaline cartilage	Glassy matrix, chondrocytes in lacunae	Figure 4.11g
Elastic cartilage	Flexible, contains elastic fibers	Figure 4.11i
Fibrocartilage	Thick collagen fibers, strong support	Figure 4.11h
Areolar connective tissue	Loose arrangement of fibers, supports organs	Figure 4.11a
Adipose tissue	Fat storage, large adipocytes	Figure 4.11b
Dense regular connective tissue	Parallel collagen fibers, tendons/ligaments	Figure 4.11d
Dense irregular connective tissue	Irregular collagen fibers, skin/reticular layer	Figure 4.11e, Figure 5.3c
Compact bone	Osteon, central canal, lacuna	Figure 4.11j

• Osteon: Structural unit of compact bone

• Central canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves

• Lacuna: Small cavity housing osteocytes

Example: Dense regular connective tissue is found in tendons and provides tensile strength.

Additional info: Students should review textbook figures and lab images for visual identification and practice distinguishing tissue types under the microscope.