Q: Which formula correctly calculates osmolarity?

$\text{Osmolarity} = \Sigma (\text{molar concentration} \times \text{number of particles})$

Q: Which equation is used to calculate the RBC count using a hemocytometer?

$\text{RBC count} = \frac{\text{(cells counted)} \times \text{dilution factor} \times 10^4}{\text{volume counted}}$

Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating equilibrium potential?

$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the amphiphilic nature of phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar regions, allowing them to form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Blood tests reveal a plasma potassium concentration of 2.0 mM. Which condition does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production via aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 4

A cell placed in a solution with lower osmolarity than its cytoplasm will most likely:

Accepted Answer

Swell due to water influx (hypotonic solution)

Question 5

Which formula correctly calculates osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Osmolarity} = \Sigma (	ext{molar concentration} 	imes 	ext{number of particles})$

Question 6

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 7

A blood sample shows a hematocrit of 60%. What does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia (high RBC count)

Question 8

Which equation is used to calculate the RBC count using a hemocytometer?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{RBC count} = \frac{	ext{(cells counted)} 	imes 	ext{dilution factor} 	imes 10^4}{	ext{volume counted}}$

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis of pathogens

Question 10

A patient with Type O blood can safely donate to which blood types?

Accepted Answer

All blood types (universal plasma donor)

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is involved in sodium and potassium regulation?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 12

Which of the following best describes negative feedback in the cortisol pathway?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH secretion to prevent excess hormone production.

Question 13

Which of the following is a peptide/protein hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 14

A patient with low blood glucose is likely to have increased secretion of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system transmits signals rapidly and locally via electrical impulses.

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating equilibrium potential?

Accepted Answer

$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$

Question 17

Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 18

Which cell type is responsible for electrical and chemical communication in nervous tissue?

Accepted Answer

Neuronal cells

Question 19

Which antibody class is most abundant and provides long-term immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 20

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Fatigue, low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalance

Anatomy & Physiology Lab Study Notes: Cells, Tissues, Blood, Endocrine, and Nervous System

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