Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, while physiology is the study of the function of those parts.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a disruption in the sodium-potassium pump. Which cellular structure is most directly responsible for this dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane

Question 3

Which of the following best represents a negative feedback mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 4

Given the chemical equation $$\mathrm{CO_2$} + \mathrm{H_2O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$, what will happen to blood pH if $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$ levels increase?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH will decrease, causing acidosis.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire systemic circulation, requiring more force.

Question 6

A patient with a mutation that prevents the production of surfactant in the lungs would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty inflating the alveoli, leading to respiratory distress

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in establishing the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It pumps three sodium ions out and two potassium ions in, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Question 8

A person with blood type A negative ($$A^-) $$receives a transfusion of type B positive ($$B^+) $$blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and a transfusion reaction due to anti-B antibodies and anti-Rh antibodies.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly relates cardiac output ($$CO$$), heart rate ($$HR$$), and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. Which of the following changes would you expect in their blood calcium levels and bone density?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood calcium, decreased bone density

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at the axon terminal, neurotransmitter is released, neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a good solvent in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with many solutes.

Question 14

A patient with Addison's disease has decreased secretion of glucocorticoids. Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Hypotension and hypoglycemia

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the nephron's loop of Henle in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It establishes a concentration gradient in the medulla to allow water reabsorption.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration $$[H^+]$$?

Accepted Answer

As $$[H^+]$$ increases, pH decreases.

Question 17

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to hypokalemia (low potassium). Which of the following best explains the physiological basis for this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Low potassium decreases the resting membrane potential, making depolarization more difficult.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It helps maintain osmotic pressure and transport substances.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the effect of increased arterial resistance on blood pressure, according to the equation $$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$?

Accepted Answer

Increased resistance increases mean arterial pressure (MAP), assuming cardiac output (CO) is constant.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Joining two amino acids to form a dipeptide with the release of water.

Module 2: Cell Biology and Histology

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