Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

According to the law of fluid pressure, what happens to the pressure inside a container if the volume of the container decreases while the amount of fluid remains constant?

Accepted Answer

Pressure increases

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Blood flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure

Question 4

What is the main function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Accepted Answer

To anchor cardiac muscle fibers and provide electrical insulation

Question 5

Which structure is the primary pacemaker of the heart, setting the rhythm for cardiac contraction?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 6

During ventricular systole, which valves are closed?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 8

If a patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70\,mL$$

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely increase the resistance to blood flow in a vessel?

Accepted Answer

Decreasing the diameter of the vessel

Question 10

Which ion is primarily responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle cells, the stronger the contraction

Question 12

Which of the following is a negative inotropic agent that decreases cardiac contractility?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis

Question 13

A patient with hypertension (high blood pressure) is likely to experience which change in cardiac function?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They electrically couple adjacent cells, allowing coordinated contraction

Question 15

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the largest volume of blood in the ventricle?

Accepted Answer

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and contractility

Question 17

Which of the following conditions is characterized by rapid, irregular contractions that are useless for pumping blood?

Accepted Answer

Fibrillation

Question 18

Which of the following formulas correctly calculates stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a physiological cause of cardiac hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Exercise

Question 20

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the removal of cytosolic calcium ($$Ca^{2+}) $$during cardiac muscle relaxation?

Accepted Answer

SERCA pump and Na$$^+/Ca$^{2+}$$ exchanger

Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart: Structure, Pressure, and Cardiac Function

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