Q: A patient’s heart rate is 80 bpm and their stroke volume is 70 mL. What is their cardiac output (CO)? Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600\ mL/min$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the path of blood flow through the heart during pulmonary circulation?

Accepted Answer

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs.

Question 2

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 3

A patient presents with chest pain radiating to the left arm. Which coronary artery is most commonly associated with myocardial infarction in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Left anterior descending (LAD) artery

Question 4

Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 5

What is the primary function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

To allow rapid transmission of action potentials between cells

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetany?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period in cardiac muscle is longer than the contraction period.

Question 7

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 8

If a patient’s end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL, what is their stroke volume (SV)? Use the formula $$SV = EDV - ESV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70\ mL$$

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely increase cardiac output during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume

Question 10

A patient’s heart rate is 80 bpm and their stroke volume is 70 mL. What is their cardiac output (CO)? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600\ mL/min$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in cardiovascular homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the cardiovascular center.

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are branched, have one or two nuclei, and are connected by gap junctions.

Question 13

Which of the following would most likely result from a blockage in the right coronary artery?

Accepted Answer

Reduced blood flow to the right atrium and right ventricle, potentially causing arrhythmias.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of the ventricular muscle fibers, the stronger the contraction.

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of positive inotropic agents on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increase force of contraction

Question 16

Which event in the cardiac cycle is associated with the 'lub' sound heard during auscultation?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the atrioventricular valves

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

They supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely occur if the SA node fails to function?

Accepted Answer

The AV node would take over as the pacemaker, resulting in a slower heart rate.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart: Structure, Function, and Circulation

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