$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600\ \text{mL/min}$$

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70\ \text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary circuit in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange.

Question 2

The pointed tip of the heart is known as the ______, and it is located ______.

Accepted Answer

Apex; inferiorly

Question 3

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the contractile force of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 4

A patient presents with pericarditis. Which of the following complications is most likely if excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade

Question 5

Which of the following correctly traces the flow of blood through the heart starting from the body?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 6

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Question 7

During the cardiac cycle, the first heart sound (S1) is produced by:

Accepted Answer

Closure of the AV valves

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 9

If a patient has a heart rate of 80 beats/min and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, what is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased extracellular calcium concentration on cardiac muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Increased force of contraction

Question 11

Which component of the heart's conducting system is known as the pacemaker?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 12

A disturbance in heart rhythm characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate is called:

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the role of gap junctions in cardiac contractile cells?

Accepted Answer

They enable rapid propagation of action potentials between cells.

Question 14

Which of the following hormones increases heart rate by acting on the SA node?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 15

During ventricular systole, which event occurs?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves open

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 17

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is their stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70\ 	ext{mL}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

They exchange dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and surrounding tissues.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of an ectopic pacemaker in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Disruption of normal ventricular contraction timing

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the energy source for cardiac contractions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle stores oxygen in myoglobin for aerobic metabolism.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart and Cardiovascular System

Study Guide - Practice Questions