Question 1

Which of the following best describes the nephron's primary function in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, reabsorbs needed substances, and secretes wastes to form urine.

Question 2

Renin is released from the juxtaglomerular (JG) complex in response to which of the following stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood pressure, decreased sodium in the distal tubule, and sympathetic nervous stimulation.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) in $$the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = HP_{gc} - (OP_{gc} + HP_{cs})$$

Question 4

Trace the path of a drop of urine from its formation in the nephron to its exit from the body.

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus → PCT → Loop of Henle → DCT → Collecting duct → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra

Question 5

What is the main function of microvilli in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Accepted Answer

To increase the surface area for reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients.

Question 6

Which best describes the anatomy and function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) complex?

Accepted Answer

It consists of the macula densa, JG cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells, and regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

Question 7

Why is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus higher than in other capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Because the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole, creating resistance and maintaining high pressure.

Question 8

What is the primary purpose of the descending limb of the nephron loop?

Accepted Answer

To allow water to be reabsorbed, concentrating the filtrate.

Question 9

What type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder?

Accepted Answer

Transitional epithelium

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates aldosterone release, increases sodium reabsorption, and constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure.

Question 11

Which structures make up the renal corpuscle?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

Question 12

After filtration in the glomerulus, what is the main difference between the filtrate and plasma?

Accepted Answer

Filtrate lacks large proteins and blood cells, while plasma contains them.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes

Question 14

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) acts primarily on which part of the nephron, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

ADH acts on the collecting duct, increasing its permeability to water and promoting water reabsorption.

Question 15

Which mechanism establishes the medullary gradient in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

The countercurrent multiplier system in the nephron loop, which creates a gradient of increasing osmolarity in the medulla.

Question 16

Which of the following triggers micturition (urination)?

Accepted Answer

Stretching of the bladder wall activates stretch receptors, initiating a reflex that contracts the detrusor muscle and relaxes the internal urethral sphincter.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic control of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Myogenic mechanism, where increased blood pressure causes constriction of the afferent arteriole to maintain GFR.

Question 18

A patient has a decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure ($$HP_{gc}). $$What effect will this have on the net filtration pressure ($$NFP) $$and glomerular filtration rate ($$GFR$$)?

Accepted Answer

Both $$NFP$$ and $$GFR$$ will decrease.

Question 19

If a person is severely dehydrated, which hormone is most likely to be elevated, and what effect does it have on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

ADH; increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct.

Anatomy & Physiology: Renal System and Urinary Physiology Study Guide

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