Q: Which formula correctly calculates cardiac output?

$$\text{Cardiac Output} = \text{Stroke Volume} \times \text{Heart Rate}$$

Q: Which of the following is a correct definition of ejection fraction ($$EF$$)?

$$EF = \frac{\text{Stroke Volume}}{\text{End Diastolic Volume}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of formed elements in blood?

Accepted Answer

They include cells and cell fragments that perform functions such as oxygen transport, immune defense, and clotting.

Question 2

A patient’s blood type is determined by the presence of specific antigens on the surface of which blood cell?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Question 3

Which blood type is considered the universal donor, and why?

Accepted Answer

Type O, because it lacks A and B antigens and therefore does not trigger an immune response in recipients.

Question 4

A blood typing procedure involves mixing a blood sample with anti-A and anti-B antibodies. If agglutination occurs with anti-A but not anti-B, what is the blood type?

Accepted Answer

Type A

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting at the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 6

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 7

A patient’s EKG strip shows a QRS complex duration of 0.14 seconds. What does this suggest?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged ventricular depolarization, possibly indicating a bundle branch block

Question 8

If a standard EKG paper speed is 25 mm/sec, how many seconds does each small square (1 mm) represent?

Accepted Answer

$$0.04$$ seconds

Question 9

Which formula correctly calculates cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Cardiac Output} = 	ext{Stroke Volume} 	imes 	ext{Heart Rate}$$

Question 10

A patient’s systolic blood pressure is 130 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is 80 mmHg. What is the pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$50$$ mmHg

Question 11

Which of the following best describes tidal volume ($$TV) in $$respiratory physiology?

Accepted Answer

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal, quiet breathing

Question 12

Which equation correctly calculates vital capacity ($$VC$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$VC = TV + IRV + ERV$$

Question 13

A patient has the following respiratory volumes: $$TV = 500 mL$$, $$IRV = 3000 mL$$, $$ERV = 1200 mL$$, $$RV = 1200 mL. $$What is the total lung capacity ($$TLC$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV = 5900 mL$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the pathway of air from the external environment to the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct definition of ejection fraction ($$EF$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{	ext{Stroke Volume}}{	ext{End Diastolic Volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circuit is correct?

Accepted Answer

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating inspiratory capacity ($$IC$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$IC = TV + IRV$$

Question 18

A patient’s EKG shows a prolonged QT interval. Which of the following conditions could this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Risk for ventricular arrhythmias such as Torsades de Pointes

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the left ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation via the aorta.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Blood, Heart, Circulation, and Respiratory System

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