Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle of homeostasis in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 2

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.1. Based on the properties of acids and bases, which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing acidosis, as normal blood pH is slightly alkaline (7.35–7.45).

Question 3

Which of the following correctly lists the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 4

Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 5

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $1 	imes 10^{-4}$ M. What is the pH of this solution?

Accepted Answer

$4$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport across plasma membranes?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input, while active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP.

Question 7

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 8

A patient is unable to digest fats properly due to a deficiency in bile production. Which organ is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of a buffer in a biological system?

Accepted Answer

A buffer resists changes in pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct example of a negative feedback mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct description of the relationship between monomers and polymers?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are large molecules formed by joining many monomers together through dehydration synthesis.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are important in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, increasing the rate of reactions.

Question 14

A molecule of water is described as polar. Which of the following best explains this property?

Accepted Answer

Water has an uneven distribution of charge, with oxygen being more electronegative than hydrogen.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between cytosol and extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol is the fluid inside cells, while extracellular fluid is found outside cells.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Breaking down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides by adding water.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, a disease affecting the movement of chloride ions across cell membranes. Which cellular structure is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane protein (chloride channel)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

Accepted Answer

A covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, while an ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

The cytoskeleton provides structural support, enables cell movement, and organizes organelles within the cell.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Core Concepts, Organization, and Cellular Structure

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