Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 2

A patient presents with jaundice. Which organ system is most likely affected, and what is the primary pigment responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Digestive system; bilirubin

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the process of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 2\mathrm{NAD}^+ + 2\mathrm{ADP} + 2\mathrm{P}_i \rightarrow 2\mathrm{C}_3\mathrm{H}_4\mathrm{O}_3 + 2\mathrm{NADH} + 2\mathrm{ATP} + 2\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$$

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma (cell) membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins for export

Question 5

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water leaving the cell.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 7

Which connective tissue cell type is primarily responsible for producing collagen fibers?

Accepted Answer

Fibroblast

Question 8

A patient with osteoporosis is at risk for fractures due to decreased bone density. Which type of bone scan is best for assessing bone mineral density?

Accepted Answer

DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?

Accepted Answer

It maintains the electrochemical gradient by moving 3 Na$$^+$$ out and 2 K$$^+ in $$per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption (breakdown of bone matrix)

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why brown fat is important in newborns?

Accepted Answer

It generates heat through non-shivering thermogenesis.

Question 13

Which equation represents the calculation of body mass index (BMI)?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{BMI} = \frac{\mathrm{weight\ (kg)}}{\mathrm{height\ (m)}^2}$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a negative feedback loop in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin

Question 15

Which layer of the epidermis contains cells that are actively dividing?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale

Question 16

A patient is unable to sweat due to damage to their autonomic nervous system. Which gland type is most affected?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and cancellous bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; cancellous bone is spongy and found inside bones.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cells?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order of the steps in skin repair after injury?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of melanin in the skin?

Accepted Answer

Protects against UV radiation by absorbing light

Exam 1

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