Question 1

During the third week of embryonic development, the process of neurulation begins. Which of the following best describes neurulation?

Accepted Answer

The development of the neural tube from the ectoderm

Question 2

Which of the following cell types is present during the first week of fertilization and is responsible for forming the placenta?

Accepted Answer

Trophoblast cells

Question 3

A patient presents with a second-degree burn. Which layers of the skin are affected?

Accepted Answer

Epidermis and part of the dermis

Question 4

Which of the following is a major derivative of the mesodermal germ layer during embryonic development?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tissue

Question 5

Compact bone differs from spongy bone in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is organized into osteons, while spongy bone contains trabeculae

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the diploid number ($2n$) in humans, given that the haploid number ($n$) is 23?

Accepted Answer

$2n = 46$

Question 7

A fracture that occurs due to twisting forces and results in a spiral-shaped break is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Spiral fracture

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells; mitosis produces two identical diploid cells

Question 9

A child inherits a dominant allele ($A$) from one parent and a recessive allele ($a$) from the other. What is the child's genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype: $Aa$, Phenotype: dominant

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the function of the arches of the foot?

Accepted Answer

They help distribute body weight and absorb shock during movement

Question 11

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for cell division and regeneration?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale

Question 12

A male skeleton can be distinguished from a female skeleton by which of the following features?

Accepted Answer

A more acute subpubic angle

Question 13

Which of the following is a Mendelian genetics principle?

Accepted Answer

Alleles segregate independently during gamete formation

Question 14

Which type of gland is responsible for producing sweat and is found throughout the skin?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine gland

Question 15

If a parent is heterozygous for a trait ($Aa$) and the other parent is homozygous recessive ($aa$), what is the probability that their child will be heterozygous? Use a Punnett square to solve.

Accepted Answer

$50\%$

Question 16

Which of the following factors most directly affects bone growth during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a homozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

Having two identical alleles for a trait

Question 18

Which of the following is a common bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 19

During sexual reproduction, genetic variation is increased by which process?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during meiosis

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the histology of bone?

Accepted Answer

Bone tissue consists of osteocytes within lacunae, surrounded by a mineralized matrix

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Embryology, Integumentary System, Bones & Skeletal Tissues, Genetics

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