Question 1

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones, such as cortisol, can directly alter gene expression in target cells, while peptide hormones, such as insulin, cannot?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through the cell membrane to bind intracellular receptors, while peptide hormones bind to extracellular receptors.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive urination and dehydration. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, and which gland produces it?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with Graves' disease. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Arrhythmia, irritability, and weight loss

Question 5

Which of the following correctly matches the hormone with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Insulin – lowers blood glucose

Question 6

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have elevated levels of ACTH. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the flow of blood through the heart and lungs?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the electrical conduction system of the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 9

A patient is experiencing a heart rate of 150 beats per minute due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 10

Which of the following white blood cells is primarily responsible for antibody production?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes (B-cells)

Question 11

A patient with a blood pH of 7.25 is experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of airflow through the respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli

Question 14

A patient with a collapsed lung is diagnosed with pneumothorax. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Air is present inside the thoracic cavity and outside the lungs, often in the pleural cavity.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the tunica media in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

It controls the diameter of the vessel through smooth muscle contraction.

Question 16

A patient is found to have a hematocrit of 60% (normal: 40-50%). Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Question 17

Which of the following is required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ions and clotting factors

Question 18

A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis is prescribed aspirin. What is the primary effect of this medication on the blood?

Accepted Answer

It prevents unwanted clotting by inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between external and internal respiration?

Accepted Answer

External respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs; internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues.

Question 20

A patient with a chronic infection has an elevated number of which type of white blood cell, known for their phagocytic activity and increased numbers during long-term infections?

Accepted Answer

Monocytes

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Immune, Blood, and Respiratory Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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