Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of cellular communication?

Accepted Answer

The nervous system uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters for rapid, short-term communication, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, long-lasting effects.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst and frequent urination. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which organ is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Posterior pituitary

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and increases blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 4

Which of the following is a second messenger system used by water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

Question 5

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to have elevated levels of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine ($T_4$)

Question 6

Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and is involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 7

During the alarm phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which hormone is primarily released?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 9

A patient with anemia is found to have low hemoglobin levels. Which component of hemoglobin binds oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Iron ($Fe^{2+}$)

Question 10

Which blood cell type is responsible for producing antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Lymphocytes

Question 11

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops agglutination. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's antibodies reacted with incompatible donor antigens.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

Accepted Answer

Prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole

Question 13

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 14

During isovolumetric contraction of the left ventricle, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Both the mitral and aortic valves are closed, and ventricular pressure increases.

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($CO$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Question 16

Which of the following factors increases vascular resistance according to Poiseuille’s Law?

Accepted Answer

Increasing vessel length

Question 17

Which pressure is responsible for driving fluid out of capillaries during filtration?

Accepted Answer

Net filtration pressure ($NFP$)

Question 18

A patient with arteriosclerosis is likely to experience which of the following changes in blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased systolic pressure due to decreased vessel elasticity

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the central nervous system to adjust heart rate and vessel diameter.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart chambers, starting from the vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Endocrine System, Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards