Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of bone mineral density (BMD)?

$$BMD = \frac{\text{Bone Mass}}{\text{Bone Volume}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found primarily at the ends of long bones.

Question 2

A patient presents with a greenstick fracture. Which of the following best describes this type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone bends and the other side breaks, commonly seen in children.

Question 3

Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for cell division and regeneration?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

Accepted Answer

Increases the rate of cell division in the epidermis

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with melanoma. Which rule is commonly used to assess the risk of melanoma, and what does each letter stand for?

Accepted Answer

ABCDE rule: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter \u003e6mm, Evolving

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of bone mineral density (BMD)?

Accepted Answer

$$BMD = \frac{	ext{Bone Mass}}{	ext{Bone Volume}}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why muscle cells are called 'muscle fibers'?

Accepted Answer

They are elongated cells with a cylindrical shape, allowing for contraction along their length.

Question 8

During muscle contraction, which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate the process?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between the aerobic pathway and anaerobic glycolysis in muscle metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic pathway requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic glycolysis does not require oxygen and produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP binds to myosin, myosin detaches from actin, myosin re-cocks, myosin binds to actin, power stroke occurs.

Question 11

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Vertebra

Question 12

A patient has a deficiency in vitamin D. Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Rickets

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the force produced by a muscle, given cross-sectional area ($$A) $$and specific tension ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = A 	imes T$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

Question 15

Which of the following is a synovial joint that allows movement in multiple planes, such as the shoulder or hip?

Accepted Answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

ACh binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, triggering an action potential that leads to muscle contraction.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct anatomical term for the bone marking that forms the point of the elbow?

Accepted Answer

Olecranon process

Question 18

Which of the following muscle arrangements is best suited for producing the greatest force?

Accepted Answer

Pennate

Question 19

A patient presents with muscle weakness and progressive loss of muscle mass. Which homeostatic imbalance is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Muscular dystrophy

Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide for Test 2 (Chapters 4–6)

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