Question 1

A patient is admitted to the hospital with severe dehydration. Which of the following best describes what will happen to their red blood cells if they are given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 2

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose by insulin.

Question 4

Which organ is part of both the endocrine and reproductive systems?

Accepted Answer

Ovaries

Question 5

A solution has a pH of 3. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic and has a high concentration of $\mathrm{H^+}$ ions.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

Accepted Answer

A strong acid completely dissociates in water, while a weak acid only partially dissociates.

Question 7

Which of the following best represents the molecular formula for water, and how many hydrogen atoms are present in 5 molecules of water?

Accepted Answer

The formula is $\mathrm{H_2O}$, and there are 10 hydrogen atoms.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of a buffer in a biological system?

Accepted Answer

A buffer maintains pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct example of a buffer system in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{H_2CO_3} / \mathrm{HCO_3^-}$ (carbonic acid/bicarbonate)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis removes water to build polymers, while hydrolysis adds water to break them down.

Question 11

Which of the following is the monomer of proteins?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid

Question 12

A patient has a genetic mutation that affects the primary structure of a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly altered by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely increase the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the concentration of substrate up to a certain point.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $3$ sodium ions out and $2$ potassium ions into the cell, using ATP.

Question 16

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Question 18

Which of the following tissue types primarily makes up tendons and ligaments?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 19

A DNA strand has the sequence $5'	ext{-}ATCGGTA-3'$. What is the complementary DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

$3'	ext{-}TAGCCAT-5'$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally, resulting in partial charges, while non-polar covalent bonds share electrons equally.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Foundations, Chemistry, Cells, and Biomolecules

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