Q: You mix one liter of 300 mOsm NaCl with two liters of 450 mOsm glucose. What is the final osmolarity of the new solution?

$\frac{(1 \times 300) + (2 \times 450)}{3} = 400$ mOsm

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of homeostasis in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Question 2

A patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce insulin. Which of the following is the most direct consequence of this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose homeostasis, so without it, blood glucose levels remain high.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback control mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical control system in physiology?

Accepted Answer

Receptor protein kinase

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

Initiating action potentials in neurons

Question 6

A cell that lacks lysosomes would have difficulty performing which of the following functions?

Accepted Answer

Digesting cellular wastes and bacteria

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell junction?

Accepted Answer

Loose junctions

Question 8

Gene transcription can be increased when ______ proteins bind to an enhancer region, allowing RNA polymerase to interact with the ______ to initiate mRNA synthesis.

Accepted Answer

activator; promoter

Question 9

To activate a regulated gene, the formation of mRNA is increased by the binding of ______ to the promoter.

Accepted Answer

induced, transcription factors

Question 10

According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Concentration gradient, surface area, and membrane permeability.

Question 11

You mix one liter of 300 mOsm NaCl with two liters of 450 mOsm glucose. What is the final osmolarity of the new solution?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{(1 	imes 300) + (2 	imes 450)}{3} = 400$ mOsm

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between penetrating and nonpenetrating solutes?

Accepted Answer

Penetrating solutes can cross the cell membrane, while nonpenetrating solutes cannot.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of the three main parts of a control system?

Accepted Answer

Input signal, integrating center, output signal

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-life example of positive feedback in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting cascade after a vessel injury

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of gap junctions in tissues?

Accepted Answer

They allow direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the passage of ions and small molecules.

Question 16

What is the optimal pH for most human enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

$pH = 7.4$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why certain cancers (such as colon, skin, and breast cancer) are so prevalent?

Accepted Answer

These tissues have high rates of cell division, increasing the chance of mutations.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Storing energy reserves

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between surface area and diffusion rate according to Fick's law?

Accepted Answer

As surface area increases, diffusion rate increases.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the osmolarity of a solution containing both NaCl and glucose?

Accepted Answer

The total osmolarity is the sum of the osmolarities contributed by each solute.

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