Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support, protects internal organs, facilitates movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the diaphysis of their femur. Which type of bone tissue is primarily affected, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone; it provides strength and support for weight-bearing.

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 36\ \mathrm{ATP}$

Question 4

During endochondral ossification, which of the following events occurs first?

Accepted Answer

A cartilage model is formed and then replaced by bone.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes a graded potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

A local change in membrane potential that varies in magnitude and can summate to trigger an action potential.

Question 6

A patient is unable to extend their knee after a spinal cord injury. Which spinal reflex is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 8

Which cranial nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, and where does this information first reach the brain?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve; occipital lobe

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Question 10

A patient has a lesion in the dorsal root ganglion. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input from the periphery to the spinal cord

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscles, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Question 12

Which of the following ions is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase of an action potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($\mathrm{Na^+}$)

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around axons, increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Question 14

A patient is unable to perceive sound after damage to a specific cranial nerve. Which nerve is most likely affected, and where does auditory information first reach the brain?

Accepted Answer

Vestibulocochlear nerve; temporal lobe

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions ($\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}$) in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

They bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes myosin-binding sites on actin.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates digestion and slows heart rate

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

It regulates homeostatic functions such as temperature, hunger, and hormone release.

Question 18

A patient is unable to taste food after a head injury. Which cranial nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve (VII)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the dorsal root of the spinal nerve?

Accepted Answer

It carries sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference between white matter and gray matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons, while gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Chapters 5-8

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards