Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes between compact bone and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone forms the outer layer of bones and is dense, while spongy bone is composed of a network of trabeculae and contains red bone marrow.

Question 2

A patient presents with a greenstick fracture. Which of the following best describes this type of fracture?

Accepted Answer

A fracture in which the bone bends and cracks, but does not break completely, commonly seen in children.

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

Question 4

A person burns their hand and blisters form. According to the rule of nines, what percentage of the total body surface area does the entire hand represent?

Accepted Answer

$$ 1\% $$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 6

A 16-year-old athlete suffers a fracture at the epiphyseal plate of his femur. What is the most likely consequence if the injury is not properly treated?

Accepted Answer

The bone may stop growing in length, resulting in a shorter limb.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

Accepted Answer

Sebum acts as an antibacterial agent and helps lubricate the skin and hair.

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with malignant melanoma. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used in the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma?

Accepted Answer

Depth of the lesion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium ions ($$ Ca$$^{2+}$$ ) in $$skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes binding sites on actin.

Question 10

A patient has a third-degree burn on the anterior surface of both legs. Using the rule of nines, what percentage of the total body surface area is affected?

Accepted Answer

$$ 18\% $$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why muscle cells are called 'muscle fibers' in skeletal and smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They are long and cylindrical, resembling fibers.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium binds to troponin, tropomyosin shifts, myosin heads bind to actin, and the sarcomere shortens.

Question 13

A patient is unable to extend their forearm at the elbow joint. Which muscle is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Triceps brachii

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between a synarthrosis and a diarthrosis?

Accepted Answer

A synarthrosis is an immovable joint, while a diarthrosis is freely movable.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the epiphyseal plate in a long bone?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of longitudinal bone growth during childhood.

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which two critical minerals are most likely deficient in their bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of eccrine sweat glands?

Accepted Answer

They produce a watery secretion important for thermoregulation.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the total body surface area affected by burns using the rule of nines?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Total \%} = \sum 	ext{(area \% for each region affected)} $$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the anatomical difference between a true rib and a false rib?

Accepted Answer

True ribs attach directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilage, while false ribs either attach indirectly or not at all.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

It is the basic contractile unit responsible for muscle contraction.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide: Skin, Bones, Joints, and Muscles

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