$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein macromolecule?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 2

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Which process will most likely occur across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which labeled cell organelle is responsible for energy production, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; it produces ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a type of bone found in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Round bone

Question 5

Calcium homeostasis in the body is primarily regulated by which hormone, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.

Question 6

A patient presents with muscle weakness in the lower limb. Which compartment and nerve supply should be evaluated first?

Accepted Answer

Anterior compartment; femoral nerve

Question 7

During the generation of an action potential, which ion movement is responsible for depolarization?

Accepted Answer

Influx of $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions into the neuron

Question 8

Which neuroglial cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 9

Which vessel supplies the majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Middle cerebral artery

Question 10

If a mutation causes a protein to lose its tertiary structure, which property is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

The protein's ability to bind specific substrates.

Question 11

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 12

A patient with hypocalcemia is found to have low parathyroid hormone levels. Which physiological process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption to release calcium into the blood.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via a membrane protein.

Question 14

Which muscle compartment of the upper limb is primarily responsible for flexion of the elbow, and what is its main nerve supply?

Accepted Answer

Anterior compartment; musculocutaneous nerve

Question 15

Which neuroglial cell type is most involved in immune defense within the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Microglia

Question 16

A blockage in the posterior cerebral artery would most likely affect which function?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the action potential in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the blood-brain barrier

Question 19

A patient suffers a fracture in a long bone. Which part of the bone is most likely to be involved in hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Red bone marrow in the epiphysis

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: Cellular, Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions