Q: Which of the following best describes the role of the Na\textsuperscript{+}/K\textsuperscript{+} pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

It actively transports 3 Na\textsuperscript{+} out and 2 K\textsuperscript{+} into the cell, maintaining a negative resting potential.

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why action potentials travel faster along myelinated axons compared to unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheaths enable saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier.

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What is the most likely effect on neuronal function?

Accepted Answer

The neuron will be unable to generate an action potential.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of the Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+} pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 Na	extsuperscript{+} out and 2 K	extsuperscript{+} into the cell, maintaining a negative resting potential.

Question 4

A graded potential that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane is called:

Accepted Answer

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the absolute refractory period?

Accepted Answer

No action potential can be generated, regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 6

A patient presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation in a specific dermatome. Which type of receptor is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Nociceptors

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion?

Accepted Answer

A nucleus is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; a ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 9

A person is exposed to a muscarinic antagonist such as atropine. Which of the following effects would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased gut motility and dry mouth

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the pathway of a typical stretch reflex?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → sensory neuron → motor neuron → effector

Question 11

A patient is given a beta-blocker (adrenergic antagonist). Which of the following is the most likely physiological effect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions is correct?

Accepted Answer

The parasympathetic division is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions.

Question 13

Which type of receptor is primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptor

Question 14

During a 'fight or flight' response, which of the following occurs due to sympathetic nervous system activation?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of pupils and increased blood glucose

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the effects of adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla last longer than those of direct sympathetic nerve stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Adrenaline released into the bloodstream acts on distant organs and is degraded more slowly.

Question 16

A patient with a spinal cord injury loses voluntary movement in the lower limbs but retains reflex responses. Which neurons are most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Upper motor neurons

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the ascending sensory pathway from the skin to the brain?

Accepted Answer

First-order neuron in dorsal root ganglion → second-order neuron in dorsal horn → third-order neuron in thalamus

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of proprioceptors?

Accepted Answer

Sensing changes in muscle length and joint position

Question 19

A patient is exposed to a cholinergic agonist. Which of the following effects would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Increased salivation and digestive activity

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the 'all-or-nothing' principle of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Once threshold is reached, an action potential of fixed size is generated, regardless of stimulus strength.

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: Neurological System and Autonomic Nervous System

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