Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the myocardium, but no tissue death has occurred. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris

Question 3

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid valve

Question 4

During fetal circulation, which structure allows blood to bypass the nonfunctional fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the aorta?

Accepted Answer

Ductus arteriosus

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the cardiac skeleton?

Accepted Answer

It anchors valve cusps and prevents overdilation of valve openings.

Question 6

If the left ventricle is three times thicker than the right ventricle, what is the physiological reason for this difference?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle pumps blood through the systemic circuit, which offers greater resistance.

Question 7

Which equation best represents cardiac output ($CO$) in terms of heart rate ($HR$) and stroke volume ($SV$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Question 8

A blockage in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) would most directly affect which region of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Anterior wall of the left ventricle and interventricular septum

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the conduction system of the heart is correct?

Accepted Answer

The SA node initiates the electrical impulse that triggers heart contraction.

Question 10

Which heart sound ('lub' or 'dup') is produced by the closing of the semilunar valves?

Accepted Answer

'Dup'

Question 11

A patient has a defect in the chordae tendineae of the left ventricle. Which valve is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the right ventricle wall is thinner than the left ventricle wall?

Accepted Answer

The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit, which is shorter and offers less resistance.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic fibers innervating the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decrease heart rate

Question 14

Which structure is the main point of insertion for cardiac muscle and blocks direct spread of electrical impulses between atria and ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac skeleton

Question 15

A patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension is at risk for failure of which heart chamber?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle

Question 16

Which of the following correctly matches the heart valve with the location where its sound is best heard?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary valve—superior left corner

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the flow of blood through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Blood from the body enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 18

Which of the following is a remnant of a fetal structure that allowed blood to bypass the fetal lungs by connecting the two atria?

Accepted Answer

Fossa ovalis

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the passage of a blood drop through the heart, starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → lungs

Question 20

Which of the following cardiac veins returns the majority of venous blood from the heart wall to the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Coronary sinus

Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes: The Heart (Chapter 19)

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