Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It is a double-walled sac that protects the heart, anchors it, and prevents overfilling.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with aortic valve stenosis. Which of the following best explains the physiological consequence of this condition?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle must generate higher pressure to overcome the narrowed valve, increasing cardiac workload.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the pathway of blood through the heart is correct?

Accepted Answer

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary trunk.

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are striated, branched, and connected by intercalated discs.

Question 5

A patient has a defective mitral (bicuspid) valve causing regurgitation. What is the most likely immediate effect on cardiac function?

Accepted Answer

Blood will backflow into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of pacemaker (autorhythmic) cells in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They spontaneously depolarize to initiate the heart's electrical activity.

Question 7

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves open, and what causes this event?

Accepted Answer

During ventricular systole, when intraventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure.

Question 8

Which of the following is a unique feature of cardiac muscle that allows the heart to function as a coordinated pump?

Accepted Answer

Electrical coupling via gap junctions at intercalated discs.

Question 9

A patient has a mutation that impairs sodium channel function in pacemaker cells. Which of the following is the most likely effect?

Accepted Answer

The heart rate will decrease due to impaired spontaneous depolarization.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood at a higher pressure to the entire body.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the intrinsic conduction system is correct?

Accepted Answer

It allows the heart to beat independently of external neural input.

Question 12

A patient presents with a heart murmur due to an incompetent tricuspid valve. Which of the following is the most likely direct consequence?

Accepted Answer

Blood will backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events leading to the first heart sound ("lub")?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($CO$) in terms of heart rate ($HR$) and stroke volume ($SV$)?

Accepted Answer

$CO = HR 	imes SV$

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

They supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.

Question 16

A patient with a blocked left anterior descending coronary artery is at risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Reduced oxygen supply to the anterior wall of the left ventricle.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the heart can continue to beat after all nervous connections to it are severed?

Accepted Answer

The heart contains autorhythmic cells that generate their own action potentials.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Accepted Answer

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the endocardium?

Accepted Answer

It is a smooth endothelial layer that lines the heart chambers and is continuous with blood vessels.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat. What is the cardiac output ($CO$) in liters per minute?

Accepted Answer

$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600$ mL/min $= 5.6$ L/min

ANP 1105A - Anatomy & Physiology I: Introduction and Instructor Information

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