Question 1

Which of the following best describes the order of structural organization in the human body, from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

Question 2

A patient is experiencing a rapid increase in blood clotting after a vessel injury. This is an example of which type of feedback system?

Accepted Answer

Positive feedback

Question 3

Which of the following best defines the role of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They minimize changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production, and what internal structure increases its efficiency?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria; cristae

Question 5

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and burst. Which type of solution is it in, and why does this occur?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; water moves into the cell due to osmotic pressure

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between integral and peripheral membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Integral proteins span the membrane and are involved in transport; peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface and often serve as enzymes or anchors.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule with its monomer unit?

Accepted Answer

Protein – amino acid

Question 8

A scientist observes a cell with a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. Which type of cell is this, and what is a key feature distinguishing it from prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryote; presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions out of the cell and 2 $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ ions into the cell, using ATP.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for reactions to proceed.

Question 12

A patient is unable to break down hydrogen peroxide in their cells, leading to cellular damage. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded; RNA contains ribose and is single-stranded.

Question 14

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for cell movement and muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments (actin)

Question 15

A cell is exposed to a toxin that blocks the function of connexins. Which cellular structure will be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles ribosome subunits.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the endomembrane system in a cell?

Accepted Answer

It coordinates the synthesis, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids.

Question 20

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink as water moves out due to osmotic pressure.

ANP College Course Exam 1 Study Guidance: Anatomy & Physiology Core Concepts

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards