Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of external respiration?

Accepted Answer

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

Question 2

A patient with cystic fibrosis has thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract. Which of the following best explains why this is problematic for pulmonary function?

Accepted Answer

It impairs the movement of cilia, reducing the ability to clear pathogens and debris from the airways.

Question 3

Which law explains why the pressure of a gas in a closed container increases as the volume decreases, and what is the mathematical expression for this law?

Accepted Answer

Boyle's Law; $$P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$$

Question 4

A person inhales deeply and then exhales as much air as possible. The total volume of air exhaled is called:

Accepted Answer

Vital capacity

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

An increase in $$P_{CO_2$}$$, temperature, or hydrogen ion concentration weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond, facilitating oxygen release.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the submucosal plexus in the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of glandular secretions and local blood flow

Question 7

A patient is experiencing heartburn after a large meal. Which physiological process is most likely responsible for their symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus due to relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Accepted Answer

Production of digestive enzymes for protein breakdown

Question 10

A person with lactose intolerance experiences gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming dairy. Which process is impaired in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose due to insufficient lactase enzyme

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The exchange of bicarbonate ions ($$HCO_3$$^-$$) out of and chloride ions (Cl$$^-$$) into red blood cells to maintain electrical neutrality.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?

Accepted Answer

$$AVR = (Tidal\ Volume - Dead\ Space) 	imes Respiratory\ Rate$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the gall bladder?

Accepted Answer

It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the respiratory membrane?

Accepted Answer

It consists of alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane, and capillary endothelium, allowing efficient gas exchange.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why breathing into a paper bag can help someone experiencing hyperventilation?

Accepted Answer

It increases the inhaled $$CO_2$$, helping to restore normal blood pH.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and electrolytes

Question 17

Which of the following best describes peristalsis?

Accepted Answer

Coordinated, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive tract.

Question 18

Which of the following is a trigger for the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

Accepted Answer

Distension of the stomach and presence of peptides

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the conversion of $$CO_2$$ and $$H_2O to $$carbonic acid ($$H_2CO_3).$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the transportation of oxygen in the blood?

Accepted Answer

About 98.5% of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, and 1.5% is dissolved in plasma.

ANP College Course Exam 4 Review: Respiratory and Digestive Systems

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