Question 1

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 65%. Which of the following is the most likely physiological implication of this finding?

Accepted Answer

The patient has polycythemia, which increases blood viscosity and the risk of thrombosis.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of erythropoietin in the body?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow in response to hypoxia.

Question 3

A blood sample is centrifuged and separates into three layers. Which of the following correctly matches the layer with its primary component?

Accepted Answer

The top layer contains plasma, which is mostly water and proteins.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly calculates mean arterial pressure (MAP) from systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = Diastolic\ Pressure + \frac{1}{3}(Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure)$$

Question 5

A patient is given atropine. Which of the following best describes its effect on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It is a cholinergic antagonist, increasing heart rate by blocking parasympathetic input.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances in the blood.

Question 7

During the cardiac cycle, when does the first heart sound (S1, 'LUP') occur and what causes it?

Accepted Answer

At the beginning of ventricular systole, caused by the closing of AV valves.

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct pathway of blood flow starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 9

A patient with a blood type of AB- receives a transfusion of type O+ blood. Which of the following is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A transfusion reaction may occur due to the presence of Rh antigen in the donor blood.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the physiological response of the cardiovascular system to exercise?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac output and pulse pressure increase, while diastolic pressure remains unchanged or decreases slightly.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the refractory period in cardiac muscle is correct?

Accepted Answer

The long refractory period prevents wave summation and tetanus in the heart.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

They are the first responders to bacterial infection and perform phagocytosis.

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly relates mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 14

A patient is found to have thrombocytopenia. Which of the following symptoms would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Increased tendency to bleed due to low platelet count.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of pilocarpine on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It is a cholinergic agonist that decreases heart rate.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep, and which layer is responsible for contraction?

Accepted Answer

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium; myocardium is responsible for contraction.

Question 17

A laboratory technician accidentally spills blood on the bench. According to lab safety rules, what is the most appropriate action?

Accepted Answer

Clean the area with a disinfectant and dispose of contaminated materials in a biohazard container.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of basophils?

Accepted Answer

They release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

Question 19

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged QRS complex. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is most likely affected, and what mechanical event does this correspond to?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular systole; contraction of the ventricles.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of digitalis on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It is a positive inotrope that increases the force of contraction.

ANP College Course Study Guide: Blood and Cardiovascular System

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards