$$\text{PTH} \uparrow \Rightarrow \text{Blood Ca}^{2+} \uparrow$$

$$\text{Creatine phosphate} + \text{ADP} \rightarrow \text{Creatine} + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?

Accepted Answer

Stratum lucidum

Question 2

Keratinization begins in which layer of the epidermis, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Stratum granulosum; produces keratin to toughen cells

Question 3

A patient presents with pale skin and fatigue. Which pigment is most likely decreased, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin; carries oxygen in red blood cells

Question 4

Which gland is responsible for producing earwax, and what is its classification?

Accepted Answer

Ceruminous gland; modified apocrine gland

Question 5

A burn patient is admitted to the ER. What is the immediate threat to life resulting from severe burns?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Question 6

Which bone cell is responsible for bone resorption, and what enzyme does it use to break down bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; acid phosphatase

Question 7

During endochondral ossification, which step involves the invasion of the periosteal bud and formation of spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Invasion of periosteal bud and formation of spongy bone

Question 8

A child with bowed legs and delayed growth is diagnosed with rickets. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of calcium or vitamin D

Question 9

Which equation represents the relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{PTH} \uparrow \Rightarrow 	ext{Blood Ca}^{2+} \uparrow$$

Question 10

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion and is classified as diarthroses?

Accepted Answer

Synovial joint

Question 11

A football player tears the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee. What is the primary function of this ligament?

Accepted Answer

Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia

Question 12

Which structure in a synovial joint reduces friction between moving parts and is filled with synovial fluid?

Accepted Answer

Bursa

Question 13

Which muscle type is involuntary, striated, and found only in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle

Question 14

During muscle contraction, which structure forms cross bridges with actin filaments?

Accepted Answer

Myosin heads

Question 15

Which equation best represents the ATP regeneration during short-duration exercise?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Creatine phosphate} + 	ext{ADP} ightarrow 	ext{Creatine} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 16

A patient experiences muscle stiffness after death (rigor mortis). What is the primary cause?

Accepted Answer

Lack of ATP prevents detachment of myosin from actin

Question 17

Which phase of an action potential is caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization

Question 18

Which contraction type occurs when muscle tension increases but the muscle does not change length?

Accepted Answer

Isometric contraction

Question 19

Which connective tissue sheath surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Endomysium

Question 20

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for which type of fracture, and what is the primary underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Comminuted fracture; decreased bone density due to loss of inorganic matrix

ANP College Course Study Guide: Integument, Bone, Joints, and Muscles

Study Guide - Practice Questions