Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions ($\mathrm{Ca^{2+}}$) necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 2

During the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, which of the following changes occur in the sarcomere?

Accepted Answer

The I band and H zone both decrease in width, while the A band remains the same.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic contractions result in a change in muscle length, while isometric contractions do not.

Question 4

A patient presents with muscle spasms due to low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 5

Which bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is its origin?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts, which originate from monocyte/macrophage lineage.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland via releasing and inhibiting hormones through the hypophyseal portal system.

Question 7

Which hormone released by the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 8

A 12-year-old child is diagnosed with gigantism. Which hormone is in excess, and how does this differ from acromegaly?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH); gigantism occurs before epiphyseal plate closure, while acromegaly occurs after.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why hydrophilic hormones cannot directly enter target cells?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic hormones are unable to cross the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and must bind to membrane receptors.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between muscle tension ($T$), force ($F$), and cross-sectional area ($A$) of a muscle fiber?

Accepted Answer

$T = \frac{F}{A}$

Question 11

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex and is responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 12

During endochondral ossification, which of the following occurs FIRST?

Accepted Answer

A cartilage model is formed by chondrocytes.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of insulin released by the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

It promotes uptake of glucose by target cells, lowering blood glucose levels.

Question 14

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, and heat intolerance.

Question 15

Which of the following structures is found at the center of an osteon and contains blood vessels and nerves?

Accepted Answer

Central canal

Question 16

Which hormone released by the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of appositional bone growth?

Accepted Answer

Bone grows in width by addition of new bone tissue at the periosteum.

Question 18

Which of the following is a major function of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of long-term processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP during the power stroke in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin and reset for another cycle.

ANP College Course Study Guide: Muscle, Bone, and Endocrine Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards