Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between dendritic special sense receptors and specialized receptor cells in the special senses?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic receptors generate action potentials directly, while specialized receptor cells release neurotransmitters to stimulate sensory neurons.

Question 2

A patient presents with difficulty detecting linear acceleration and gravity. Which structure is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Utricle and saccule of the vestibule

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the pathway of visual signals from the retina to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Photoreceptors $$ \rightarrow $$ bipolar cells $$ \rightarrow $$ ganglion cells $$ \rightarrow $$ optic nerve $$ \rightarrow $$ optic chiasm $$ \rightarrow $$ optic tract $$ \rightarrow $$ thalamus $$ \rightarrow $$ visual cortex

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why we are most sensitive to bitter tastes?

Accepted Answer

Many bitter substances are toxic, so heightened sensitivity helps protect us from ingesting poisons.

Question 5

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood glucose during stress

Question 6

A patient with a pituitary tumor has elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure. Which disorder is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which peptide hormones typically exert their effects?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems such as cyclic AMP ($$cAMP).$$

Question 8

A person with type O negative blood is considered a universal donor. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens, so they are less likely to be attacked by recipient antibodies.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the blood clotting cascade?

Accepted Answer

Prothrombin $$ \rightarrow $$ thrombin $$ \rightarrow $$ fibrinogen $$ \rightarrow $$ fibrin

Question 10

A patient with untreated Graves' disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Elevated metabolic rate, weight loss, and exophthalmos

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the sickle cell trait persists in populations where malaria is common?

Accepted Answer

Carriers of the sickle cell trait are more resistant to malaria infection.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about the three phases of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

ANP decreases blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the basilar membrane in the cochlea?

Accepted Answer

It vibrates in response to sound, causing hair cells to bend and generate nerve impulses.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the difference between myopia and hyperopia?

Accepted Answer

Myopia is nearsightedness (focus in front of retina); hyperopia is farsightedness (focus behind retina).

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of cyclic AMP ($$cAMP) in $$hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

$$cAMP$$ acts as a second messenger, amplifying the signal from a hormone bound to a cell surface receptor.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the lacrimal apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It produces and drains tears, which lubricate and protect the eye.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin and glucagon on blood glucose homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake; glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.

Question 20

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which of the following is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of donor red blood cells

ANP College Exam Review Guidance: Special Senses, Endocrine System, and Blood

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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