Question 1

Which organ produces hormones that are essential for the normal development of the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Question 2

A patient suffers a myocardial infarction due to deprivation of normal blood supply to cardiac muscle. What is the most immediate consequence at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid accumulation

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis → Adherence → Ingestion → Digestion → Exocytosis

Question 4

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby increasing blood volume and pressure?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 5

Why is the left ventricular wall of the heart thicker than the right wall?

Accepted Answer

It must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circulation

Question 6

Which of the following is an essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Otoliths

Question 7

What is the main function of rods in the eye?

Accepted Answer

Vision in dim light

Question 8

Which of the following is the universal blood donor type?

Accepted Answer

O negative

Question 9

Which structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

Accepted Answer

Right lymphatic duct

Question 10

Which of the following is the most significant source of resistance to blood flow?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 11

Protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular second messengers. Which of the following is commonly used as a second messenger?

Accepted Answer

cAMP

Question 12

Which law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs, and is mathematically represented as $$P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$$?

Accepted Answer

Boyle's Law

Question 13

What is the normal average pH range of blood?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 - 7.45$$

Question 14

Which organ regulates erythrocyte production by releasing erythropoietin in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 15

Which of the following can kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before activation of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 16

During the cardiac cycle, the second heart sound is heard during which phase?

Accepted Answer

Beginning of ventricular diastole

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the passage of light through the eye?

Accepted Answer

Cornea → Aqueous humor → Lens → Retina

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Transporting dietary fats, returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, and immune defense

Question 19

What mechanism do oxygen and carbon dioxide use to exchange in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 20

A man who is not synthesizing enough FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) may be unable to father a child because:

Accepted Answer

FSH is necessary for spermatogenesis

ANP Midterm Study Guide: Key Concepts and Systems

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