Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the endocrine and nervous systems in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream for slower, longer-lasting effects, while the nervous system uses electrical and chemical signals for rapid, short-term responses.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a tumor in the infundibulum. Which of the following functions is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

The transport of hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

Question 3

Which of the following is a neuroendocrine organ, and why?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus, because it produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland and integrates neural and endocrine functions.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes how peptide hormones interact with their target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering second messenger pathways.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulus initiating hormone secretion?

Accepted Answer

The parathyroid glands releasing PTH in response to low blood calcium levels.

Question 6

Which of the following correctly describes the structural and functional differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary is glandular tissue that synthesizes and releases hormones in response to hypothalamic signals; the posterior pituitary is neural tissue that stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.

Question 7

A patient has high blood glucose after a meal. Which of the following best describes how insulin and glucagon work together to restore homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage, while glucagon increases it by stimulating glycogen breakdown.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the pathway of blood through the heart, starting and ending with the systemic capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Systemic capillaries → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic capillaries

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the significance of the plateau phase in the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetanus by prolonging the refractory period, ensuring the heart can relax between beats.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly calculates stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 12

A patient has an end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 130 mL $$and an end-systolic volume ($$ESV) of 60 mL. $$What is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 130\,	ext{mL} - 60\,	ext{mL} = 70\,	ext{mL}$$

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased vessel diameter on peripheral resistance and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased vessel diameter decreases peripheral resistance and lowers blood pressure.

Question 15

Which of the following equations is used to calculate mean arterial pressure ($$MAP$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = \frac{1}{3} (SBP - DBP) + DBP$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the direction of water movement due to hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of a capillary?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid.

Question 17

A patient experiences a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which of the following best describes the myogenic response in arterioles and its effect on tissue perfusion?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles dilate, increasing tissue perfusion to maintain adequate blood flow.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate and causes vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure.

Question 19

Which of the following capillary types is most likely to be found in the liver, and why?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries, because they have large gaps that allow passage of cells and large proteins.

ANP Study Guide: Endocrine, Cardiovascular, and Blood Vessel Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards