Question 1

Ashley is examining two microscope slides: one from the esophagus and one from the small intestine. Which of the following features would BEST help her distinguish the epithelium of the small intestine from that of the esophagus?

Accepted Answer

The presence of villi and simple columnar cells with microvilli.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the negative feedback loop involved when you scratch a scratchy label on your shirt?

Accepted Answer

Scratching reduces the sensation of itch, decreasing the urge to scratch further.

Question 3

Pleurisy involves inflammation of the serous membranes of the lungs. What are the names of these two membranes, and what does each line?

Accepted Answer

Visceral pleura (lines the lungs), parietal pleura (lines the thoracic cavity)

Question 4

If excess serous fluid is secreted due to pleurisy, what is the most likely effect on lung function?

Accepted Answer

It may compress the lungs, making breathing more difficult.

Question 5

Josue is having surgery on his lower back. The surgeon plans to make a cut in the transverse plane. Which of the following best describes this plane and the resulting body sections?

Accepted Answer

A cut dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

Question 6

Jami is scheduled for surgery on her right tarsal region. Which of the following best describes the location and the layers that will be cut during her procedure?

Accepted Answer

The surgery will be on her right ankle, cutting through the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position and its importance?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward; provides a standard reference for anatomical terminology.

Question 8

When describing locations on the upper and lower limbs, which directional terms are used instead of 'superior' and 'inferior', and what do they mean?

Accepted Answer

Proximal (closer to the point of attachment), distal (farther from the point of attachment)

Question 9

Which of the following best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Structure and function are interrelated; the structure of a body part enables its function.

Question 10

Which of the following is a specific example of the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Accepted Answer

The flat shape of red blood cells allows them to carry oxygen efficiently.

Question 11

Why does bone heal faster than cartilage after an injury?

Accepted Answer

Bone has a better blood supply than cartilage, allowing for faster delivery of nutrients and cells needed for repair.

Question 12

A patient suffers a severe sprain. Why might this injury be considered worse than a bone fracture?

Accepted Answer

Sprains involve ligaments, which have poor blood supply and heal slowly.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the healing process of cartilage after an injury?

Accepted Answer

Cartilage heals slowly because it is avascular and relies on diffusion for nutrient delivery.

Question 14

Which of the following features would you use to visually distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from cardiac and smooth muscle tissue under a microscope?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle cells are striated, multinucleated, and have long cylindrical fibers.

Question 15

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Presence of intercalated discs and branched, striated fibers.

Question 16

A surgeon makes a 5 cm incision in the right tarsal region, cutting deep to the skin but superficial to the muscle and bone. Which layers are most likely cut?

Accepted Answer

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Non-striated, spindle-shaped cells with a single central nucleus.

Question 18

If a surgeon makes a midsagittal cut through the lower back, which anatomical sections are created?

Accepted Answer

Left and right halves.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the anatomical position is important in anatomy?

Accepted Answer

It provides a consistent frame of reference for describing body parts and locations.

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