BackANP Test 2 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance
Study Guide - Smart Notes
Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.
Q1. What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Background
Topic: Skeletal System Functions
This question tests your understanding of the major roles the skeletal system plays in the human body.
Key Terms:
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Fat storage
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main functions of the skeletal system. Think about how bones contribute to the body's structure and physiology.
For each function, write a brief explanation. For example, how does the skeleton provide support or protect organs?
Consider examples for each function (e.g., which bones protect which organs?).
Try listing and explaining each function before checking the answer!
Q2. Which bones protect the brain and spinal cord?
Background
Topic: Skeletal Protection of the Central Nervous System
This question focuses on the bones that provide protection for the brain and spinal cord.
Key Terms:
Cranium (skull)
Vertebral column (spine)
Step-by-Step Guidance
Identify the bones that encase the brain. What is the collective name for these bones?
Identify the bones that surround and protect the spinal cord. What is the structure called?
Think about how these bones are arranged to provide maximum protection.
Try to name the specific bones before revealing the answer!
Q3. What are the steps and the name of bone formation?
Background
Topic: Bone Formation (Ossification)
This question tests your knowledge of the process by which bones are formed in the body.
Key Terms:
Ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the two main types of bone formation processes.
List the general steps involved in each process (e.g., cartilage model, bone matrix deposition).
Think about which bones are formed by each process.
Try outlining the steps before checking the answer!
Q4. What are the different types of fractures?
Background
Topic: Bone Fractures
This question asks you to identify and describe the various types of bone fractures.
Key Terms:
Simple (closed) fracture
Compound (open) fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Spiral fracture
Transverse fracture
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main types of fractures you have learned.
Write a brief definition for each type.
Consider what distinguishes each type from the others (e.g., how the bone breaks, whether the skin is pierced).
Try matching each fracture type to its description before checking the answer!
Q6. What bones make up the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Background
Topic: Skeletal Divisions
This question tests your ability to distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons and identify their components.
Key Terms:
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Step-by-Step Guidance
Define the axial skeleton and list its major parts.
Define the appendicular skeleton and list its major parts.
Think about which bones belong to each division (e.g., skull, vertebrae, limbs).
Try categorizing the bones before checking the answer!
Q7. What is the name of the holes in the skull?
Background
Topic: Skull Anatomy
This question asks you to recall the anatomical term for the holes in the skull through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
Key Term:
Foramen (plural: foramina)
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the general term for holes in bones, especially in the skull.
Think of examples (e.g., foramen magnum).
Try recalling the term before checking the answer!
Q8. What is the order and number of vertebrae in the spine?
Background
Topic: Vertebral Column Anatomy
This question tests your knowledge of the regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each region.
Key Terms:
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the regions of the vertebral column in order from top to bottom.
Recall the number of vertebrae in each region.
Think about any special features of each region (e.g., fused bones in sacrum and coccyx).
Try listing the order and numbers before checking the answer!
Q9-10. Be able to identify on a figure: tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus
Background
Topic: Major Bones of the Limbs
This question tests your ability to visually identify the major bones of the arms and legs.
Key Terms:
Tibia, Fibula, Femur (leg bones)
Radius, Ulna, Humerus (arm bones)
Step-by-Step Guidance
Review diagrams of the human skeleton, focusing on the limbs.
Practice labeling each bone on a blank diagram.
Note distinguishing features (e.g., femur is the thigh bone, humerus is the upper arm bone).
Try labeling a diagram before checking the answer!
Q11. What are the characteristics of muscle? (Elasticity, irritability, contractility, extensibility)
Background
Topic: Muscle Physiology
This question asks you to define and explain the four main characteristics of muscle tissue.
Key Terms:
Elasticity
Irritability (excitability)
Contractility
Extensibility
Step-by-Step Guidance
Define each characteristic in your own words.
Give an example of how each property is important for muscle function.
Try defining each characteristic before checking the answer!
Q12. What is the definition of a motor unit?
Background
Topic: Neuromuscular System
This question tests your understanding of the basic functional unit of muscle contraction.
Key Term:
Motor unit
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what structures are included in a motor unit.
Think about how a motor unit functions during muscle contraction.
Try writing the definition before checking the answer!
Q13. What are the different methods of regenerating ATP and how many ATPs does each method create?
Background
Topic: Muscle Metabolism
This question asks you to identify the pathways muscles use to regenerate ATP and compare their efficiency.
Key Terms:
Creatine phosphate pathway
Anaerobic glycolysis
Aerobic respiration
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the three main methods muscles use to regenerate ATP.
For each method, recall how many ATP molecules are produced per glucose (or per creatine phosphate).
Note the conditions under which each method is used (e.g., presence or absence of oxygen).
Try matching each method to its ATP yield before checking the answer!
Q14. What is the definition of a muscle's origin and insertion?
Background
Topic: Muscle Attachments
This question tests your understanding of where muscles attach to bones and how these attachments relate to movement.
Key Terms:
Origin
Insertion
Step-by-Step Guidance
Define 'origin' in the context of muscle anatomy.
Define 'insertion' in the context of muscle anatomy.
Think about how these points relate to movement during muscle contraction.
Try defining both terms before checking the answer!
Q15. What are the prime movers of flexion, abduction, and extension of the shoulder?
Background
Topic: Shoulder Muscles and Movements
This question asks you to identify the main muscles responsible for specific shoulder movements.
Key Terms:
Prime mover (agonist)
Flexion, abduction, extension
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the definitions of flexion, abduction, and extension at the shoulder joint.
Identify the main muscle responsible for each movement.
Consider the anatomical position and how each muscle acts on the shoulder.
Try naming the prime movers before checking the answer!
Q16. What are the functions of the quads, hip flexors, glutes, and hamstrings?
Background
Topic: Major Muscle Groups of the Lower Body
This question tests your knowledge of the primary actions of key muscle groups in the legs and hips.
Key Terms:
Quadriceps
Hip flexors
Gluteal muscles
Hamstrings
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main function(s) of each muscle group.
Think about movements like walking, running, and squatting, and which muscles are involved.
Try matching each muscle group to its function before checking the answer!
Q17. What are the functions of the muscular system?
Background
Topic: Muscular System Functions
This question asks you to list and explain the main roles of the muscular system in the body.
Key Terms:
Movement
Posture
Heat production
Stabilization of joints
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main functions of the muscular system.
Write a brief explanation for each function.
Try listing and explaining each function before checking the answer!
Q18-19. What is the process by which an action potential depolarizes a neuron and stimulates its associated muscle?
Background
Topic: Neuromuscular Transmission
This question tests your understanding of how nerve impulses lead to muscle contraction.
Key Terms:
Action potential
Depolarization
Neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
Step-by-Step Guidance
Describe how an action potential travels along a neuron.
Explain what happens at the neuromuscular junction.
Outline how the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract.
Try outlining the process before checking the answer!
Q20. How is acetylcholine removed after an action potential has occurred?
Background
Topic: Neurotransmitter Removal
This question asks you to recall the mechanism by which acetylcholine is cleared from the synaptic cleft.
Key Term:
Acetylcholinesterase
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what happens to acetylcholine after it binds to receptors on the muscle cell.
Identify the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine.
Explain why removal of acetylcholine is important for muscle relaxation.
Try explaining the process before checking the answer!
Q21. What are the functional subdivisions of the nervous system?
Background
Topic: Nervous System Organization
This question tests your knowledge of how the nervous system is divided based on function.
Key Terms:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main functional subdivisions of the nervous system.
Briefly describe the role of each subdivision.
Try listing and describing each subdivision before checking the answer!
Q22. Which cells form the myelin sheaths in the PNS and CNS?
Background
Topic: Neuroglia and Myelination
This question asks you to identify the specific glial cells responsible for myelination in the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Key Terms:
Schwann cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall which cell type myelinates axons in the PNS.
Recall which cell type myelinates axons in the CNS.
Think about the differences in structure and function between these cells.
Try naming the cells before checking the answer!
Q23. What are the names of the support cells in the CNS and the general term for support cells in the CNS?
Background
Topic: Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
This question tests your knowledge of the different types of support cells in the central nervous system and their collective name.
Key Terms:
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Neuroglia (general term)
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main types of glial cells in the CNS.
Recall the general term for these support cells.
Try listing the cell types and the general term before checking the answer!
Q24. Be able to identify the different parts of a neuron (dendrites, nucleus, mitochondria, axon, axon terminals)
Background
Topic: Neuron Structure
This question tests your ability to recognize and label the main parts of a neuron.
Key Terms:
Dendrites
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Axon
Axon terminals
Step-by-Step Guidance
Review diagrams of a typical neuron and locate each part.
Practice labeling each structure on a blank diagram.
Recall the function of each part.
Try labeling a diagram before checking the answer!
Q25. What makes gray matter gray and what makes white matter white?
Background
Topic: Nervous Tissue Structure
This question asks you to explain the structural differences between gray and white matter in the nervous system.
Key Terms:
Gray matter
White matter
Myelin
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall what structures are found in gray matter (e.g., neuron cell bodies).
Recall what structures are found in white matter (e.g., myelinated axons).
Think about how myelin affects the color of nervous tissue.
Try explaining the difference before checking the answer!
Q26. What brain regions make up the diencephalon?
Background
Topic: Brain Anatomy
This question tests your knowledge of the major structures within the diencephalon.
Key Terms:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main regions that make up the diencephalon.
Recall the function of each region.
Try listing the regions before checking the answer!
Q27. Where is cerebrospinal fluid made?
Background
Topic: Brain Ventricles and CSF
This question asks you to identify the structure responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid.
Key Term:
Choroid plexus
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the name of the structure in the brain's ventricles that produces CSF.
Think about where this structure is located.
Try naming the structure before checking the answer!
Q28. What is the name of the large fiber tract that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Background
Topic: Brain Structure
This question asks you to recall the name of the major bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Key Term:
Corpus callosum
Step-by-Step Guidance
Recall the anatomical term for the structure connecting the hemispheres.
Think about its function in brain communication.
Try recalling the name before checking the answer!
Q29. What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each subdivision do?
Background
Topic: Autonomic Nervous System
This question tests your knowledge of the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system and their functions.
Key Terms:
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Step-by-Step Guidance
Name the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Describe the general function of each (e.g., 'fight or flight' vs. 'rest and digest').
Try describing each subdivision before checking the answer!
Q30. What are the different subdivisions of a spinal nerve?
Background
Topic: Spinal Nerve Anatomy
This question asks you to identify the branches of a typical spinal nerve after it exits the spinal cord.
Key Terms:
Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
Meningeal branch
Rami communicantes
Step-by-Step Guidance
List the main branches of a spinal nerve.
Briefly describe the area each branch serves.
Try listing and describing each branch before checking the answer!
