Q: Which equation best represents the amplification effect of second messenger systems in hormone action?

$$ \text{Hormone} + \text{Receptor} \rightarrow \text{G protein activation} \rightarrow \text{Adenylyl cyclase activation} \rightarrow \text{cAMP production} \rightarrow \text{Protein kinase activation} $$

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary effect of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on target tissues?

Accepted Answer

Increases heart rate and dilates bronchioles

Question 2

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) uses a two-neuron chain to reach its effectors. Which of the following correctly describes the pathway?

Accepted Answer

Cell body of the 1st neuron is in the CNS; axon synapses with the 2nd neuron in a ganglion outside the CNS

Question 3

Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 4

A patient is given a muscarinic antagonist. Which physiological effect would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Reduced activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 5

Which cranial nerve carries the majority of parasympathetic fibers in the body?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 6

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are typically:

Accepted Answer

Short and myelinated

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the major integration center for autonomic functions

Question 8

Which statement about hormone action is correct?

Accepted Answer

Water-soluble hormones use second messengers because they cannot cross the cell membrane

Question 9

A patient with a disorder affecting the adrenal medulla would most likely have impaired release of which hormone(s)?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct description of the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessels are always kept in a state of slight constriction

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the half-life of a hormone in the blood?

Accepted Answer

It is the time required for the hormone level to decrease by half

Question 12

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 13

Which equation best represents the amplification effect of second messenger systems in hormone action?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Hormone} + 	ext{Receptor} ightarrow 	ext{G protein activation} ightarrow 	ext{Adenylyl cyclase activation} ightarrow 	ext{cAMP production} ightarrow 	ext{Protein kinase activation} $$

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a negative feedback mechanism in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

Release of insulin in response to high blood glucose, which then lowers blood glucose and inhibits further insulin release

Question 15

Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors are found on neurons; muscarinic are found on effector organs

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about hormone-receptor interactions?

Accepted Answer

Target cells must have specific receptors for the hormone to respond

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a permissive interaction between hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its effect without another hormone being present

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why sympathetic effects are longer lasting than parasympathetic effects?

Accepted Answer

No enzyme breaks down norepinephrine quickly in the synaptic cleft

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of cAMP in hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

cAMP acts as a second messenger, triggering protein kinase activation

Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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