Q: Which equation correctly represents the pathway of the efferent autonomic system?

$$\text{Preganglionic neuron} \rightarrow \text{Ganglion} \rightarrow \text{Postganglionic neuron} \rightarrow \text{Effector organ}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood glucose levels?

$$\text{Sympathetic stimulation} \rightarrow \text{Adrenal medulla activation} \rightarrow \text{Epinephrine release} \rightarrow \text{Increased blood glucose}$$

Question 1

Which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that blocks beta-adrenergic receptors. What effect would this drug most likely have on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Decrease heart rate by inhibiting sympathetic activity

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the cell bodies of the first lower motor neuron in the sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Lateral gray horn of thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

Question 4

During a stressful event, the hypothalamus stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the blood. What is the primary physiological effect of this response?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and blood glucose levels

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the neurotransmitters released at the effector organ in the sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine is released at most effector organs

Question 6

A patient presents with dry mouth due to reduced salivary gland secretion. Which type of drug would a physician most likely prescribe to increase parasympathetic activity?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathomimetic drug

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why sympathetic effects are generally more widespread than parasympathetic effects?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, allowing for broad activation

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the pathway of the efferent autonomic system?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Preganglionic neuron} ightarrow 	ext{Ganglion} ightarrow 	ext{Postganglionic neuron} ightarrow 	ext{Effector organ}$$

Question 9

Which receptor type is found on the postganglionic neuron in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptor

Question 10

A patient is given atropine, a muscarinic antagonist. What effect would this drug have on the pupil?

Accepted Answer

Dilation of the pupil (mydriasis)

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a visceral (autonomic) reflex?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of heart rate in response to blood pressure changes

Question 12

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 13

Which of the following best describes dual innervation in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic neuron at the effector organ in the parasympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 15

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased digestive activity. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 16

Which of the following drugs would most likely be prescribed to decrease excessive sympathetic activity in a patient with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Beta-blocker

Question 17

Which equation best represents the effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Sympathetic stimulation} ightarrow 	ext{Adrenal medulla activation} ightarrow 	ext{Epinephrine release} ightarrow 	ext{Increased blood glucose}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the location of parasympathetic ganglia?

Accepted Answer

Located near or within the effector organ

Question 19

A patient is given a sympathomimetic drug. Which of the following effects would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and dilated bronchioles

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference in neurotransmitter release between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions at the effector organ?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic releases norepinephrine; parasympathetic releases acetylcholine

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Structure, Function, and Clinical Applications

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