Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between afferent and efferent neurons in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Afferent neurons transmit sensory information to the central nervous system, while efferent neurons transmit motor commands from the central nervous system to effectors.

Question 2

Which part of the peripheral nervous system controls internal organs by innervating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

Accepted Answer

Autonomic nervous system

Question 3

Which type of autonomic neuron originates somewhere in the central nervous system and synapses in an autonomic ganglion before reaching its target?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic neuron

Question 4

Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia located, respectively?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic ganglia are located in a chain alongside the spinal cord; parasympathetic ganglia are located near or within the target organs.

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 6

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) from the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 7

At the neuromuscular junction, which neurotransmitter is released to stimulate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 8

The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction binds to which type of receptor on the muscle cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the sequence of events during synaptic transmission at a neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine is released, binds to receptors, causing sodium influx and muscle depolarization.

Question 10

Which type of photoreceptor is responsible for color vision in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Cones

Question 11

How do rods and cones differ with respect to their sensitivity to light?

Accepted Answer

Rods are more sensitive to dim light, while cones are more sensitive to bright light and color.

Question 12

Which smooth muscle layer of the iris is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system to regulate pupil diameter?

Accepted Answer

Radial muscle

Question 13

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of homeostasis and endocrine functions

Question 14

Which protein in a skeletal muscle cell first binds calcium to initiate contraction?

Accepted Answer

Troponin

Question 15

What is the function of DHP (dihydropyridine) receptors in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

They act as voltage sensors and trigger the opening of ryanodine receptors to release Ca$^{2+}$ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 16

Which equation best represents the relationship between force ($F$), mass ($m$), and acceleration ($a$) in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$F = m 	imes a$

Question 17

During the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle, what triggers the power stroke?

Accepted Answer

Release of ADP and Pi from myosin after it binds to actin

Question 18

How is Ca$^{2+}$ removed from the cytosol in skeletal muscle cells after contraction?

Accepted Answer

By active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum via Ca$^{2+}$-ATPase pumps

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the three different subtypes of skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Type I (slow-twitch), Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative), Type IIb (fast-twitch glycolytic)

Question 20

Which of the following steps occurs first during the process of phototransduction in the retina?

Accepted Answer

Light is absorbed by photopigments in rods and cones.

Autonomic Nervous System, Sensory Systems, and Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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