Q: A solution has a pH of 5. What is the hydrogen ion concentration $[H^+]$ of this solution?

$[H^+] = 1 \times 10^{-5} \ \mathrm{mol/L}$

Q: A molecule of glucose ($\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6$) is broken down during cellular respiration. Which of the following best represents the overall chemical equation for this process?

$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + \text{energy}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between kinetic and potential energy in the context of human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, such as muscle contraction, while potential energy is stored energy, such as in chemical bonds of ATP.

Question 2

A solution has a pH of 5. What is the hydrogen ion concentration $[H^+]$ of this solution?

Accepted Answer

$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10^{-5} \ \mathrm{mol/L}$

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a property of water that makes it vital to life?

Accepted Answer

Low heat capacity

Question 4

A patient is experiencing acidosis. Which of the following best describes their blood pH and the relative concentrations of $[H^+]$ and $[OH^-]$?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH is below 7.35; $[H^+]$ is higher than $[OH^-]$.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why buffers are important in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Buffers prevent drastic changes in pH by absorbing or releasing $H^+$ ions.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct example of a decomposition (catabolic) reaction in the body?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}$

Question 7

A molecule of glucose ($\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6$) is broken down during cellular respiration. Which of the following best represents the overall chemical equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2 ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} + 	ext{energy}$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

The tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape formed by folding and interactions between R groups.

Question 10

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is a colloid. Which of the following best describes a colloid compared to a solution and a suspension?

Accepted Answer

A colloid has particles that are intermediate in size between those in a solution and a suspension, and they do not settle out.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are essential for life?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy, allowing reactions to occur at body temperature.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct example of a buffer system in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system, which helps maintain blood pH by converting $\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{CO}_3$ to $\mathrm{HCO}_3^-$ and $\mathrm{H}^+$.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A water molecule is removed to form a bond between two monomers.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide

Question 15

A DNA molecule contains the following nitrogenous bases. Which base is found only in RNA and not in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Uracil

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular processes by releasing phosphate groups.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why polysaccharides such as glycogen are important in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They serve as long-term energy storage molecules.

Question 18

A patient is found to have a genetic mutation that affects the primary structure of a protein. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

The mutation may alter the folding and function of the protein by affecting all higher levels of structure.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why electrolytes are important for nerve and muscle function?

Accepted Answer

Electrolytes dissociate in water to form ions, which are necessary for electrical signaling in nerves and muscles.

U2

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