Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between a compound and a mixture in the context of body chemistry?

Accepted Answer

A compound consists of two or more elements chemically bonded together, while a mixture consists of substances physically combined without chemical bonding.

Question 2

A patient is given a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in water. Which type of mixture is this, and why?

Accepted Answer

It is a solution because the NaCl is evenly dissolved at the molecular level in water.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why water is considered an inorganic compound?

Accepted Answer

It does not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is correct?

Accepted Answer

Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions ($$H^+) in $$solution, while bases accept hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions ($$OH^-).$$

Question 5

A solution has a pH of 4. Which of the following statements is true regarding this solution?

Accepted Answer

It is acidic, and the concentration of hydrogen ions ($$[H^+]) is $$greater than that of pure water.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of buffers in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers minimize changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions ($$H^+) as $$needed.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide and its primary function in the body?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen; it serves as a storage form of glucose for energy.

Question 8

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to an electrolyte imbalance. Which ions are most likely involved in this physiological process?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+) $$and potassium ($$K^+)$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails, allowing them to form bilayers in aqueous environments.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the human body?

Accepted Answer

It is a precursor for steroid hormones and is an essential component of cell membranes.

Question 11

A solution contains 0.01 moles of $$H^+$$ per liter. What is the pH of this solution? (Use the formula $$pH = -\log_{10}[H^+])$$

Accepted Answer

$$pH = 4$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA consists of two strands forming a double helix, with each strand composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes an exergonic reaction in the context of body chemistry?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that releases energy, such as the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of a base found in the human body and its function?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate ion ($$HCO_3$$^-$$); it helps buffer blood pH by accepting hydrogen ions.

Question 15

A patient has a blood pH of 7.2. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

The blood is slightly acidic, which may impair normal physiological functions.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are essential for physiological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of trace elements in the body?

Accepted Answer

Trace elements such as iron, zinc, and copper are essential for enzyme activity and oxygen transport.

Question 18

A patient is unable to digest fats properly. Which type of biological molecule is most likely affected, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Lipids; they store energy and form cell membranes.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between temperature and the rate of chemical reactions in the body?

Accepted Answer

Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of chemical reactions up to a certain point.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why proteins are considered essential macromolecules in the body?

Accepted Answer

Proteins serve as enzymes, structural components, and are involved in transport and immune responses.

Basic Principles of Chemistry for Anatomy & Physiology

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