Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between graded potentials and action potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials decrease in strength as they spread, while action potentials maintain their strength over distance.

Question 2

Which brain region is primarily responsible for regulating heart rate and breathing?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Question 3

Which of the following lists the four adult brain regions correctly?

Accepted Answer

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

Question 4

Which of the following is true regarding the 'H' shaped region of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of gray matter containing neuron cell bodies.

Question 5

Which structure produces cerebrospinal fluid, and between which meningeal layers does it flow?

Accepted Answer

Choroid plexus; between arachnoid mater and pia mater

Question 6

Which spinal tract carries voluntary motor impulses to skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Corticospinal tract

Question 7

A patient presents with loss of sensation in a specific area of skin. Which anatomical concept helps localize the affected spinal nerve?

Accepted Answer

Dermatome

Question 8

Which cranial nerve is most associated with the parasympathetic nervous system and decreases heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve (X)

Question 9

How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves are found in the human body?

Accepted Answer

12 cranial, 31 spinal

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between a root and a ramus in spinal nerves?

Accepted Answer

A root contains only sensory or motor fibers, while a ramus contains both.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 12

Which division of the nervous system is referred to as the 'craniosacral' division?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic division

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of beta-1 blockers on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

They decrease heart rate by blocking beta-1 receptors.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of association areas in the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Initiating voluntary motor movements

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine; adrenergic fibers release norepinephrine.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the patellar (knee jerk) reflex?

Accepted Answer

It is a monosynaptic reflex.

Question 17

Which cranial nerves are associated with vision, equilibrium, and hearing, respectively?

Accepted Answer

Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (VIII), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Question 18

Where in the eye is visual acuity best, and why?

Accepted Answer

At the fovea centralis, because it contains the highest density of cones.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of accommodation in the eye?

Accepted Answer

The lens changes shape to focus on near or distant objects.

Question 20

A patient is prescribed a calcium-channel blocker for hypertension. Which equation best describes the effect on cardiac output ($$CO) if $$heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV) $$both decrease?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

BI 232 - Human Anatomy & Physiology: Final Exam Study Guide Guidance

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