Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of neutrophils among the five types of white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

They are the first responders to bacterial infection and perform phagocytosis.

Question 2

A patient presents with edema in the lower extremities. Which equation best explains the net movement of fluid across capillary walls (bulk flow)?

Accepted Answer

$$Net\ Filtration = (HP_c - HP_i) + (OP_c - OP_i)$$

Question 3

Which structural feature distinguishes lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries, allowing them to collect interstitial fluid?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic capillaries possess overlapping endothelial cells that form one-way mini-valves.

Question 4

A blockage in the thoracic duct would most likely result in impaired drainage of lymph from which region?

Accepted Answer

Left lower limb and left side of abdomen

Question 5

Which cell type in the lymphatic system is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to T cells and initiating adaptive immune responses?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the pathway of lymphatic fluid from interstitial space to the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial fluid → lymphatic capillaries → lymph nodes → thoracic/right lymphatic duct → subclavian veins

Question 7

Which of the following is a major protective function of lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

They filter lymph and activate immune responses against pathogens.

Question 8

Which of the following best differentiates primary from secondary lymphoid organs?

Accepted Answer

Primary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes mature, while secondary lymphoid organs are where immune responses are initiated.

Question 9

Which of the following is a key difference between lymphatic fluid and blood?

Accepted Answer

Lymphatic fluid lacks red blood cells and platelets, while blood contains both.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the white pulp in the spleen?

Accepted Answer

It initiates immune responses by housing lymphocytes and monitoring blood for pathogens.

Question 11

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the first time. Which statement best describes the primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

It is slower and produces fewer antibodies compared to the secondary response.

Question 12

Which antibody class is most abundant in plasma and is responsible for secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity is acquired through direct exposure to antigens, while passive immunity is acquired by receiving antibodies from another source.

Question 14

Which of the following is a key feature of innate immunity's first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, along with secretions like lysozyme and acidic pH

Question 15

Which antimicrobial protein is responsible for directly lysing pathogens by forming pores in their membranes?

Accepted Answer

Complement

Question 16

During phagocyte mobilization, which step involves the movement of phagocytes out of blood vessels into the tissue?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity targets extracellular pathogens using antibodies, while cell-mediated immunity targets infected cells using cytotoxic T cells.

Question 18

Which statement best explains the role of MHC Class I molecules in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

MHC Class I molecules present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells, triggering destruction of infected cells.

Question 19

Which equation best represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) across a capillary wall?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = (HP_c - HP_i) + (OP_i - OP_c)$$

Question 20

A patient receives an injection of antibodies against rabies after exposure. Which type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Passive artificial immunity

BI233 Midterm Exam #1 Study Guide: Blood, Lymphatic System, and Immunity

Study Guide - Practice Questions