Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

They form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS, increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of motor function but retains sensory function in a limb. Which region of the spinal cord is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Ventral horn

Question 3

Which equation best represents the change in membrane potential during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

During depolarization: $V_{m} = V_{rest} + \Delta V_{Na^+}$

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Nodes of Ranvier?

Accepted Answer

They are gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction, speeding up nerve impulse transmission.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the cause of multiple sclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS by the immune system, leading to impaired nerve conduction.

Question 6

A reflex arc consists of five elements. Which is the correct order for a somatic reflex?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Integration center → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 7

Which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the diaphragm and is part of the cervical plexus?

Accepted Answer

Phrenic nerve

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, while parasympathetic division promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

Question 9

Which structure separates the outer and middle ear and is essential for transmitting sound vibrations?

Accepted Answer

Tympanic membrane

Question 10

A patient with damage to the occipital lobe would most likely experience which of the following deficits?

Accepted Answer

Loss of visual processing and perception

Question 11

Which equation best represents the relationship between the focal length ($f$) of the lens and the image distance ($d_i$) in the eye, assuming the object distance ($d_o$) is known?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i}$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Initiating voluntary muscle movement

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of rods in the retina?

Accepted Answer

They are photoreceptors responsible for vision in low light conditions and peripheral vision.

Question 14

Which equation best represents the calculation of the resting membrane potential ($V_{rest}$) using the Nernst equation for potassium ions ($K^+$)?

Accepted Answer

$V_{rest} = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}} \right)$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the maculae in the vestibule of the inner ear?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in head position and help maintain static equilibrium.

Question 16

Which of the following is a structural classification of neurons that is most commonly found in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Multipolar neurons

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood while allowing essential nutrients to pass.

Question 18

Which of the following is the only special sense that is not fully functional at birth?

Accepted Answer

Vision

Question 19

A patient is diagnosed with presbyopia. Which of the following best explains the physiological cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Loss of lens elasticity with age, resulting in decreased accommodation ability.

BIO 163 Exam 3 Study Guide: Nervous System and Special Senses

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