BIO 169 Anatomy and Physiology II: Course Overview and Study Guide

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Course Overview

Introduction to BIO 169 Anatomy and Physiology II

BIO 169 is a college-level course that provides a comprehensive study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body. It is a continuation of previous coursework (BIO 168) and covers multiple organ systems, physiological processes, and their interrelationships. The course is designed for students pursuing studies in health sciences, biology, or related fields.

Course Structure and Requirements

Credit Hours and Prerequisites

Credit Hours: 4.00 (3.00 class, 3.00 lab)
Prerequisite: Completion of BIO 168

Textbooks and Materials

Primary Textbook: Human Anatomy & Physiology by Erin Amerman (Pearson, 3rd Edition)
Lab Kit: BIO 169 - eScience Labs
Supplemental Resource: Anatomy and Physiology by Jove

Course Description and Major Topics

Comprehensive Study of Human Anatomy and Physiology

This course covers the structure and function of the following human body systems and physiological processes:

Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Metabolism
Nutrition
Acid-Base Balance
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Upon completion, students should be able to demonstrate an in-depth understanding of principles of anatomy and physiology and their interrelationships.

Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs)

Key Competencies Developed in BIO 169

Homeostasis: Discuss and evaluate feedback loops as key mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis.
Structure-Function Relationships: Summarize the relationship between structure and function at all levels of organization.
Physiological Gradients: Analyze how gradients drive many physiological processes.

Grading and Assessment

Grading Scale

Grade	Percentage
A	90% - 100%
B	80% - 89%
C	70% - 79%
D	60% - 69%
F	Below 59%

Assessment Components

Lecture Average: 70% of overall course grade
Lab Average: 30% of overall course grade
Passing Criteria: Minimum 59.5% in both lecture and lab averages

Course Policies and Student Support

Attendance Policy

Attendance during the first 10% census period is mandatory for course continuation.
Regular attendance is required for success and may impact financial aid eligibility.
Students marked as "Stopped Attending" may be withdrawn unless documentation of extenuating circumstances is provided.

Make-Up Work and Missing Assignments

Makeup or deadline extension is a privilege, not a right, and is granted at the instructor's discretion.
One makeup per semester for missed or late work may be permitted with valid documentation.
Technical issues must be reported promptly with supporting evidence.

Academic Integrity

Students are expected to adhere to the Student Code of Conduct and policies regarding academic integrity and plagiarism.

Support Services

Students facing challenges (food, housing, etc.) are encouraged to contact the Wellness Center.
Disability and Access Services are available for students requiring accommodations.

Key Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology II

Homeostasis and Feedback Loops

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Feedback loops are mechanisms that help regulate physiological processes.

Negative Feedback: Reduces the effect of a stimulus to maintain equilibrium (e.g., regulation of blood glucose).
Positive Feedback: Amplifies the effect of a stimulus (e.g., childbirth contractions).

Example: The regulation of body temperature involves negative feedback, where increased temperature triggers mechanisms to cool the body.

Structure-Function Relationships

The structure of cells, tissues, and organs determines their function. This principle applies at all levels of biological organization.

Example: The thin walls of alveoli in the lungs facilitate efficient gas exchange.

Physiological Gradients

Gradients, such as concentration or pressure differences, drive many physiological processes.

Example: Oxygen moves from areas of high concentration in the alveoli to low concentration in the blood.

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for normal cell function and overall homeostasis.

Key Electrolytes: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Chloride (Cl-)
Example: The kidneys regulate sodium and water balance to control blood pressure.

Acid-Base Balance

The body maintains pH within a narrow range (7.35-7.45) through buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal mechanisms.

Formula:
Example: The bicarbonate buffer system helps neutralize excess acids in the blood.

Summary Table: Major Body Systems Covered

System	Main Functions	Key Organs
Endocrine	Hormone production and regulation	Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands
Cardiovascular	Transport of nutrients, gases, wastes	Heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic	Immune response, fluid balance	Lymph nodes, spleen
Respiratory	Gas exchange	Lungs, trachea
Digestive	Breakdown and absorption of nutrients	Stomach, intestines
Urinary	Excretion of wastes, fluid balance	Kidneys, bladder
Reproductive	Production of gametes, reproduction	Ovaries, testes

Conclusion

BIO 169 Anatomy and Physiology II is a foundational course for understanding the complex systems of the human body. Mastery of the topics and concepts outlined above is essential for success in health science fields and for further study in anatomy and physiology.