Question 1

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave in shape?

Accepted Answer

The biconcave shape increases the surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing gas exchange efficiency.

Question 2

A patient with sickle-cell anemia experiences a sickling episode after intense exercise. Which of the following best explains the physiological cause of this episode?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen tension causes hemoglobin S to polymerize, distorting RBCs into a sickle shape.

Question 3

Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating erythropoiesis (RBC production) in response to hypoxia?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 4

If a person has type AB+ blood, which of the following statements is correct regarding blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

They can receive red blood cells from any ABO and Rh type (universal recipient).

Question 5

How many molecules of oxygen ($$O_2) $$can one hemoglobin molecule carry at maximum capacity?

Accepted Answer

$$4$$

Question 6

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

The semilunar valves open and blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the order of electrical conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node → Atrioventricular (AV) node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with a heart block. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Impaired conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles.

Question 9

Why is the left ventricular wall of the heart thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circulation.

Question 10

Which of the following is the most significant source of resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessel diameter

Question 11

A patient has a blood pressure of $$120/80$$ mmHg. What is their pulse pressure, and how is it calculated?

Accepted Answer

Pulse pressure $$= 120 - 80 = 40$$ mmHg

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

They sense changes in blood pressure and help regulate it.

Question 13

Which type of capillary is most common in the human body and is characterized by a continuous endothelium with tight junctions?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillaries

Question 14

Which hormone increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and stimulating aldosterone release?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin II

Question 15

A patient stands up quickly and feels dizzy. Which mechanism helps restore blood pressure to normal in this situation?

Accepted Answer

Baroreceptor reflex increases heart rate and vasoconstriction.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes bulk flow in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Movement of fluid driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures across capillary walls.

Question 17

Which of the following factors does NOT directly increase peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why arterioles are called 'resistance vessels'?

Accepted Answer

They can change their diameter to regulate blood flow and resistance.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products

Question 20

A patient with a congenital defect has a patent foramen ovale. What is the clinical significance of this structure?

Accepted Answer

It is a fetal opening between the right and left atria that should close after birth.

BIO 169 Exam 2 Review: Blood, Heart, and Circulation Study Guidance

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