Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of a hormone in the human body?

Accepted Answer

To act as a chemical messenger that regulates physiological processes by binding to specific receptors on target cells

Question 2

A patient with pernicious anemia is found to have a deficiency in vitamin B12. What is the primary consequence of this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Inability to properly form DNA during erythropoiesis

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the formula for blood flow ($$F) in $$relation to pressure difference ($$\Delta P) $$and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \Delta P / R$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why protease enzymes are secreted in an inactive form by the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

To avoid autodigestion of the pancreas and surrounding tissues

Question 5

A patient is found to have protein in their urine (proteinuria). What does this most likely indicate about their renal function?

Accepted Answer

The glomerular filtration barrier is damaged, allowing large molecules to pass into the filtrate

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation

Question 7

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron, and where does it exert its effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); collecting duct

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between a gene and an allele?

Accepted Answer

A gene is a segment of DNA coding for a trait, while an allele is a variant form of that gene

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the significance of the plateau phase in the cardiac muscle action potential?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetanus by prolonging the refractory period, ensuring rhythmic contractions

Question 10

Which of the following is the most powerful stimulus for breathing under normal physiological conditions?

Accepted Answer

High blood carbon dioxide levels

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

Accepted Answer

To transport nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing

Question 12

Which of the following buffer systems is the most important for maintaining blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is higher than in other capillaries?

Accepted Answer

The afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole, creating a bottleneck effect

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between type I and type II alveolar cells?

Accepted Answer

Type I cells form the respiratory membrane for gas exchange, while type II cells secrete surfactant

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern of the ABO blood groups?

Accepted Answer

Codominance and multiple alleles

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct pathway for a drop of blood traveling from the right atrium to the aorta?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of aldosterone in fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, leading to water retention

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why mutations in the X chromosome are more likely to be expressed in males?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so there is no second copy to mask the effect of a mutation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood, recycles old red blood cells, and helps mount immune responses

Question 20

From which parent is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

Accepted Answer

From the mother only

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