Q: A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect? $$\text{pH} \u003c 7.35$$ and $$\text{HCO}_3^- \u003c 22\ \text{mEq/L}$$

$$\text{pH} = 7.30$$, $$\text{HCO}_3^- = 18\ \text{mEq/L}$$

Q: A patient with respiratory alkalosis is likely to have which of the following arterial blood gas values? $$\text{pH} \u003e 7.45$$, $$\text{pCO}_2 \u003c 35\ \text{mmHg}$$

$$\text{pH} = 7.50$$, $$\text{pCO}_2 = 30\ \text{mmHg}$$

Question 1

A patient presents with symptoms of excessive thirst, frequent urination, and high blood glucose levels. Which endocrine gland is most likely malfunctioning, and which hormone is primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas; insulin

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of erythropoietin, and where is it primarily produced?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates red blood cell production; produced in the kidneys

Question 3

A blood sample is centrifuged to determine hematocrit. If the total blood volume is 5 mL and the red blood cell layer measures 2 mL, what is the hematocrit percentage?

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{RBC Volume}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100$$

Accepted Answer

$$60\%$$

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which of the following events occurs in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular valves close and semilunar valves open

Question 5

A patient with type AB blood can safely receive blood from which of the following donors?

Accepted Answer

All blood types (universal recipient)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body (systemic circulation)

Question 7

A patient is exposed to a novel pathogen. Which immune response is primarily responsible for producing antibodies specific to this pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Question 8

A person with a tidal volume of $$500\ 	ext{mL}$$ and a respiratory rate of $$12\ 	ext{breaths/min}$$ has what minute ventilation?

$$	ext{Minute Ventilation} = 	ext{Tidal Volume} 	imes 	ext{Respiratory Rate}$$

Accepted Answer

$$6000\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nephron in the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Filtration and formation of urine

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis. Which of the following laboratory findings would you expect?

$$	ext{pH} \u003c 7.35$$ and $$	ext{HCO}_3^- \u003c 22\ 	ext{mEq/L}$$

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = 7.30$$, $$	ext{HCO}_3^- = 18\ 	ext{mEq/L}$$

Question 11

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

High blood glucose stimulates insulin release, lowering blood glucose

Question 12

Which vessel type is primarily responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 13

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete potassium efficiently. What electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 14

Which digestive organ is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Small intestine

Question 15

A patient is unable to produce intrinsic factor. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to develop as a result?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12

Question 16

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and acts to increase blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 17

A patient with respiratory alkalosis is likely to have which of the following arterial blood gas values?

$$	ext{pH} \u003e 7.45$$, $$	ext{pCO}_2 \u003c 35\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = 7.50$$, $$	ext{pCO}_2 = 30\ 	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 18

Which phase of meiosis is responsible for the independent assortment of chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase I

Question 19

A patient is found to have a mutation in the gene encoding for the LDL receptor. Which condition is most likely to develop as a result?

Accepted Answer

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Decreases urine output by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys

BIO 169 IO2 Summer 2026: Study Guide and Course Structure Overview

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