Q: A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$[H^+] = 1 \times 10$$^{-5}$$ M. What is the pH of this solution?

$$pH = -\log_{10}(1 \times 10$$^{-5}$$) = 5$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, and hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen.

Question 2

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ M. What is the pH of this solution?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = -\log_{10}(1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$) = 5$$

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction in the formation of biological macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

The joining of two amino acids to form a dipeptide, releasing a molecule of water.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy and increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed.

Question 5

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to low sodium levels in the blood. Which type of transport is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Active transport via the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase).

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, stabilized by interactions such as disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic bonds.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Contraction to produce movement.

Question 8

A person with a genetic mutation affecting collagen synthesis would most likely have problems with which type of tissue?

Accepted Answer

Connective tissue.

Question 9

Which of the following cell junctions is most important for preventing leakage of extracellular fluid between epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution swell and burst?

Accepted Answer

Water moves into the cells by osmosis, causing them to swell.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Production of ATP through aerobic respiration.

Question 12

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin D is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Decreased calcium absorption leading to weakened bones.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of negative feedback in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Release of insulin to lower blood glucose after a meal.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in maintaining cell membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It moves $$3$$ $$Na^+$$ ions out of the cell and $$2$$ $$K^+$$ ions into the cell, using ATP.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the blood.

Question 17

A patient presents with symptoms of myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of synaptic transmission at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

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