BIO 202 Lab #2 Study Guide: Bones, Joints, and Muscles

Study Guide - Smart Notes

Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.

Bones and Skeletal Tissue

Structure of a Long Bone

The long bone is a fundamental unit of the skeletal system, characterized by its elongated shape and specialized regions.

Compact Bone: Dense bone tissue composed of osteons (Haversian systems), providing strength and support.
Spongy Bone: Porous bone tissue made up of trabeculae, found mainly in the epiphyses; supports marrow and reduces bone weight.
Periosteum: Membrane covering the bone's exterior, consisting of a fibrous layer (outer) and osteogenic layer (inner, contains bone-forming cells).
Medullary Cavity: Central cavity within the diaphysis, containing bone marrow.
Bone Marrow: Red marrow (hematopoietic, produces blood cells) and yellow marrow (stores fat).
Epiphysis: Ends of the bone, often containing spongy bone and red marrow.
Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone, mainly compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.

The Osteon

The osteon is the structural unit of compact bone, facilitating nutrient and waste exchange.

Central Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves.
Lamella: Concentric rings of bone matrix, rich in collagen and mineral salts.
Osteocyte: Mature bone cell residing in a lacuna.
Volkmann's Canal: Transverse channels connecting osteons.
Canaliculi: Tiny canals allowing communication between osteocytes.

Bone Markings Identification

Bone markings are anatomical features used for muscle attachment, articulation, and passage of nerves/vessels.

Study the following bones: Scapula, Tibia, Fibula, Femur, Humerus, Parietal, Zygomatic, Mandible, Clavicle, Radius, Ulna, Os Coxa.
Identify right and left sides based on anatomical landmarks.

Bone Shapes

Bones are classified by shape, which relates to their function.

Flat Bones: e.g., skull, sternum.
Irregular Bones: e.g., vertebrae, os coxa.
Short Bones: e.g., carpals, tarsals.
Sesamoid Bones: e.g., patella.
Long Bones: e.g., femur, humerus.

Fontanelles

Fontanelles are soft spots on the infant skull that allow for growth and flexibility during birth.

Anterior Fontanelle: Closes around 18-24 months.
Posterior Fontanelle: Closes around 2-3 months.

Sutures of the Skull

Sutures are immovable joints between skull bones.

Coronal Suture
Sagittal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Squamous Suture

Sphenoid Bone

The sphenoid bone is a complex bone at the base of the skull.

Sella Turcica: Depression housing the pituitary gland.
Associated Foramina: Acronym O-R-O-S refers to Optic, Rotundum, Ovale, Spinosum foramina.

Temporal Bone

The temporal bone forms part of the lateral skull and contains important processes.

Zygomatic Process
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process

Occipital Bone

The occipital bone forms the posterior skull base.

Occipital Condyle: Articulates with the atlas (C1 vertebra).
Foramen Magnum: Passage for the spinal cord.

Ribs and Sternum

The rib cage protects thoracic organs and supports respiration.

True Ribs: 1-7, directly attached to sternum.
False Ribs: 8-12, indirect or no attachment.
Floating Ribs: 11-12, no anterior attachment.
Sternum: Three parts: Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid Process.

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column supports the body and protects the spinal cord.

Cervical: 7 vertebrae
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
Typical Vertebra: Body, vertebral foramen, spinous process, transverse process.

Phalanges

Phalanges are the bones of the fingers and toes.

Each finger has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), except the thumb (2).

Joints

Types of Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are freely movable and classified by shape and movement.

Hinge: e.g., elbow
Ball-and-Socket: e.g., shoulder
Pivot: e.g., proximal radioulnar joint
Condyloid, Saddle, Plane

Joint Classification

Joints are classified structurally and functionally.

Structural: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Functional: Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Muscles of the Head

Head muscles control facial expressions and mastication.

Orbicularis Oculi: Closes eyelids
Orbicularis Oris: Closes and protrudes lips
Temporalis: Elevates mandible
Masseter: Elevates mandible

Facial Muscles

Zygomaticus: Smiling
Buccinator: Compresses cheek
Risorius: Draws corner of mouth laterally

Muscles of the Neck

Sternocleidomastoid: Rotates and flexes neck
Scalenes: Elevate ribs, flex neck
Trapezius: Elevates, retracts scapula
Platysma: Depresses mandible
Semispinalis Capitis, Splenius Capitis: Extend and rotate head

Chest Muscles

Pectoralis Major: Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm
Pectoralis Minor: Protracts scapula

Muscles of Upper Limb

Deltoid: Abducts arm
Biceps Brachii: Flexes forearm
Triceps Brachii: Extends forearm
Flexors & Extensors of Hand: Flex and extend wrist
Synergist: Assists prime mover
Antagonist: Opposes prime mover

Abdominal Muscles

Rectus Abdominis: Flexes vertebral column
External Oblique: Compresses abdomen
Internal Oblique: Compresses abdomen
Transversus Abdominis: Compresses abdomen

Thigh Muscles

Quadriceps: Four muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) extend knee
Hamstrings: Three muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) flex knee

Muscles of the Back

Latissimus Dorsi: Extends, adducts, and rotates arm
Trapezius: Elevates, retracts scapula

Leg Muscles

Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes foot
Peroneus Longus: Everts foot
Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes foot
Soleus: Plantar flexes foot

Table: Structural and Functional Classification of Joints

Structural Classification	Functional Classification	Example
Fibrous	Synarthrosis	Sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous	Amphiarthrosis	Intervertebral discs
Synovial	Diarthrosis	Elbow, knee

Table: Number of Vertebrae in Each Region

Region	Number of Vertebrae
Cervical	7
Thoracic	12
Lumbar	5
Sacral	5 (fused)
Coccygeal	4 (fused)

Table: Types of Ribs

Type	Pairs	Attachment
True Ribs	1-7	Direct to sternum
False Ribs	8-12	Indirect or none
Floating Ribs	11-12	No anterior attachment

Example: Osteon Structure

Central Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves for nutrient delivery.
Lamella: Matrix layers providing strength.
Osteocyte: Maintains bone tissue.

Formula: Bone Matrix Composition

The bone matrix is composed of organic and inorganic components:

Additional info: Academic context was added to clarify bone shapes, muscle actions, and joint classifications for completeness.