Q: Which equation best represents the feedback system for calcium homeostasis involving parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

When blood calcium decreases: $$\text{PTH} \uparrow \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activity} \uparrow \rightarrow \text{Blood calcium} \uparrow$$

Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone remodeling?

$$\text{Bone remodeling} = \text{Osteoblast activity} - \text{Osteoclast activity}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function and location of simple columnar epithelium with microvilli?

Accepted Answer

Absorption in the small intestine, with microvilli increasing surface area

Question 2

A patient presents with yellowing of the skin and sclera. Which alteration in skin color is this, and what is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice; accumulation of bilirubin due to liver dysfunction

Question 3

Which equation best represents the feedback system for calcium homeostasis involving parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

When blood calcium decreases: $$	ext{PTH} \uparrow ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activity} \uparrow ightarrow 	ext{Blood calcium} \uparrow$$

Question 4

Which connective tissue type is most likely to be found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Reticular connective tissue; supports immune cells

Question 5

A burn patient is admitted with damage extending through the epidermis and dermis, but not into underlying tissues. Which degree of burn is this, and what is the immediate threat to life?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn; fluid loss and infection

Question 6

Which cell type is responsible for producing the extracellular matrix in dense regular connective tissue, and what is the predominant fiber type?

Accepted Answer

Fibroblasts; collagen fibers

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between merocrine and holocrine secretion in multicellular glands?

Accepted Answer

Merocrine: cells release products by exocytosis; Holocrine: cells rupture to release products

Question 8

Which tissue type is most commonly the origin of cancers, and why?

Accepted Answer

Epithelium; high rate of cell division and exposure to environmental factors

Question 9

A patient with hirsutism is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Excessive hair growth due to increased androgen levels

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the arrector pili muscle?

Accepted Answer

Contracts to cause hair to stand upright, producing 'goosebumps'

Question 11

Which equation best represents the relationship between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone remodeling} = 	ext{Osteoblast activity} - 	ext{Osteoclast activity}$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between appositional and interstitial growth in cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Appositional: growth at the surface by new chondroblasts; Interstitial: growth within by division of existing chondrocytes

Question 13

Which layer of the epidermis contains actively dividing cells, and which cell types are found there?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale; keratinocytes and melanocytes

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of mucin produced by unicellular glands?

Accepted Answer

Forms mucus to protect and lubricate epithelial surfaces

Question 15

Which of the following is a major function of stratified epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Protection against abrasion and mechanical stress

Question 16

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass and hormonal regulation by growth hormone?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone mass} \propto 	ext{Growth hormone levels}$$

Question 17

Which membrane lines body cavities that are not open to the exterior and secretes a lubricating fluid?

Accepted Answer

Serous membrane

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage; Appendicular: limbs and girdles

Question 19

Which equation best represents the relationship between blood cell production and bone marrow type?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematopoiesis} ightarrow 	ext{Red marrow}$$

Bio 211 Exam 2 Study Guide: Histology, Integumentary System, and Skeletal System

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