Q: Which equation best represents the feedback system for calcium homeostasis involving parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

When blood calcium decreases: $$\text{PTH} \uparrow \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activity} \uparrow \rightarrow \text{Blood calcium} \uparrow$$

Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass, osteoblast activity, and osteoclast activity?

$$\text{Bone mass} = \text{Osteoblast activity} - \text{Osteoclast activity}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function and location of simple columnar epithelium with microvilli?

Accepted Answer

Absorption in the small intestine, with microvilli increasing surface area for nutrient uptake.

Question 2

A patient presents with yellowing of the skin and sclera. Which alteration in skin color is most likely, and what is the associated condition?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice; associated with liver dysfunction leading to increased bilirubin.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the feedback system for calcium homeostasis involving parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

When blood calcium decreases: $$	ext{PTH} \uparrow ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activity} \uparrow ightarrow 	ext{Blood calcium} \uparrow$$

Question 4

Which connective tissue type is most likely to be found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Reticular connective tissue; provides a supportive framework for immune cells.

Question 5

A burn patient is admitted with damage extending through the epidermis and dermis, but not into underlying tissues. Which degree of burn is this, and what is the immediate threat?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn; immediate threat is loss of fluid and infection.

Question 6

Which cell type is responsible for producing the pigment melanin in the skin, and in which layer is it primarily found?

Accepted Answer

Melanocytes; primarily found in the stratum basale.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between merocrine and holocrine multicellular glands?

Accepted Answer

Merocrine glands release products by exocytosis; holocrine glands release products by cell rupture.

Question 8

Which tissue type is most likely the origin of a large number of cancers, and why?

Accepted Answer

Epithelium; because it undergoes frequent cell division and is exposed to environmental stress.

Question 9

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone mass, osteoblast activity, and osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone mass} = 	ext{Osteoblast activity} - 	ext{Osteoclast activity}$$

Question 10

A patient with Addison's disease presents with a bronze skin tone. Which alteration in skin color is this, and what is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Bronzing; due to increased ACTH stimulating melanocytes.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

Dense regular CT has parallel collagen fibers and resists tension in one direction; dense irregular CT has randomly arranged fibers and resists tension in multiple directions.

Question 12

Which equation best represents the process of hematopoiesis in bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematopoiesis} = 	ext{Stem cells} ightarrow 	ext{Blood cells}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of the perichondrium in cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Provides nutrients and support for cartilage growth and repair.

Question 14

A patient with a fracture in the diaphysis of a long bone is most likely to have damage to which structure, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Periosteum; provides nourishment and attachment for tendons.

Question 15

Which equation best represents the effect of growth hormone on bone growth?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone growth} = 	ext{Growth hormone} \uparrow ightarrow 	ext{Osteoblast activity} \uparrow$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between appositional and interstitial growth in cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth adds new layers to the surface; interstitial growth expands cartilage from within.

Question 17

Which equation best represents the classification of bones by shape?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone types} = 	ext{Long} + 	ext{Short} + 	ext{Flat} + 	ext{Irregular}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of mucous membranes in the body?

Accepted Answer

Line body cavities open to the exterior and secrete mucus for protection.

Question 19

A patient with hirsutism is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Excessive hair growth due to increased androgen levels.

Bio 211 Exam 2 Study Guide: Histology, Integumentary System, and Skeletal System

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