$$\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+ \text{ pump}: 3\ \text{Na}^+ \text{out} \rightarrow 2\ \text{K}^+ \text{in}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Standing upright, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body, head and eyes straight ahead

Question 2

A patient presents with a fracture in the femoral region. Which area of the body is affected?

Accepted Answer

Thigh

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood glucose levels

Question 4

Which tissue type is avascular but innervated and capable of regeneration?

Accepted Answer

Epithelium

Question 5

A patient with a torn ligament has damage to which structure?

Accepted Answer

A structure connecting bone to bone

Question 6

Which type of cartilage is most likely to be found in the intervertebral discs?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage

Question 7

During muscle contraction, which event occurs immediately after Ca$$^{2+}$$ binds to troponin?

Accepted Answer

Myosin binding sites on actin are exposed

Question 8

Which cranial nerve is purely sensory?

Accepted Answer

II Optic

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons; white matter contains myelinated axons forming tracts

Question 10

Which of the following is true regarding the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Preganglionic neurons are located in the thoracolumbar region (T1-L2)

Question 11

Which movement at a synovial joint decreases the angle between two bones?

Accepted Answer

Flexion

Question 12

Which cell type forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 13

A patient with multiple sclerosis is experiencing slowed nerve impulse conduction. Which structure is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Myelin sheath

Question 14

Which of the following best describes saltatory conduction?

Accepted Answer

Action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing conduction speed

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the reflex arc?

Accepted Answer

Sensory receptor → Sensory neuron → Integration center → Motor neuron → Effector

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster than nonmyelinated fibers?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier

Question 18

Which equation best represents the restoration of the resting membrane potential after an action potential?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Na}^+/	ext{K}^+ 	ext{ pump}: 3\ 	ext{Na}^+ 	ext{out} ightarrow 2\ 	ext{K}^+ 	ext{in}$$

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of positive feedback in a clinical setting?

Accepted Answer

A patient’s uterine contractions intensify as oxytocin release increases during labor

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the functional unit of skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Sarcomere

BIO 211 Final Review: Human Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions