Question 1

A patient has a hematocrit (Hct) of 45% and a total blood volume of 5 L. Calculate the volume of red blood cells (RBCs) in this patient’s blood. Use the formula $	ext{RBC volume} = 	ext{Hct} 	imes 	ext{Total Blood Volume}$.

Accepted Answer

$2.25\ 	ext{L}$

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the physiological significance of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in diagnosing anemia?

Accepted Answer

MCV helps differentiate between microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias based on RBC size.

Question 3

A blood sample has a hemoglobin concentration of $15\ 	ext{g/dL}$ and a hematocrit of $45\%$. Calculate the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) using the formula $	ext{MCHC} = \frac{	ext{Hb}}{	ext{Hct}} 	imes 100$.

Accepted Answer

$33.3\ 	ext{g/dL}$

Question 4

A patient’s spirometry results show a tidal volume (TV) of $500\ 	ext{mL}$, an inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) of $3000\ 	ext{mL}$, and an expiratory reserve volume (ERV) of $1200\ 	ext{mL}$. What is the patient’s vital capacity (VC)? Use the formula $	ext{VC} = 	ext{TV} + 	ext{IRV} + 	ext{ERV}$.

Accepted Answer

$4700\ 	ext{mL}$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why a person with type AB blood is considered a universal recipient?

Accepted Answer

Type AB blood has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies, so it does not react with A, B, AB, or O donor RBCs.

Question 6

A patient’s forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is $2.5\ 	ext{L}$ and their forced vital capacity (FVC) is $3.0\ 	ext{L}$. Calculate the FEV1/FVC ratio as a percentage.

Accepted Answer

$83\%$

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A person experiencing a panic attack and hyperventilating.

Question 8

A urine sample is tested and found to have a specific gravity of $1.035$. What does this most likely indicate about the patient’s hydration status?

Accepted Answer

The patient is likely dehydrated, as the urine is more concentrated.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary active transport in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport directly uses ATP, while secondary active transport uses the gradient created by primary active transport.

Question 10

A patient with blood type O negative receives a transfusion of type A positive blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The patient’s immune system will attack the transfused RBCs, causing a transfusion reaction.

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

A patient’s arterial blood gas shows a pH of $7.25$, $	ext{pCO}_2$ of $50\ 	ext{mmHg}$, and $	ext{HCO}_3^-$ of $24\ 	ext{mEq/L}$. What is the most likely acid-base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the glomerulus is an effective filter in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It has fenestrated capillaries and a high hydrostatic pressure that favor filtration.

Question 14

A patient’s urine is tested and found to contain large amounts of protein (proteinuria). Which part of the nephron is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 15

Which of the following is the best example of secondary active transport in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-glucose cotransport in the proximal tubule

Question 16

A patient’s blood pH is $7.50$, $	ext{pCO}_2$ is $30\ 	ext{mmHg}$, and $	ext{HCO}_3^-$ is $24\ 	ext{mEq/L}$. Which acid-base disorder is present?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of aldosterone in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct.

Question 18

A patient’s urine is pale and has a low specific gravity. Which hormone is most likely decreased?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a person with type O blood is considered a universal donor?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood has no A or B antigens on the RBC surface, so it is less likely to be attacked by recipient antibodies.

BIO 230 Lab Exam 2: Blood, Respiratory, Renal, and Endocrine Physiology Study Notes

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